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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/philippinemissioOOfarm 


The 

Philippine  Mission 

OF  THE 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 


KEY.  HARRY  FARMER 


THE  BOARD  OF  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  OF  THE 

:methodist  episcopal  ciitrch 

150  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK 


Price.  Pen  Cents 


PRINTED  OCTOBER,  1910 


4 


PHILIPPINE  MISSION 

THE  COUNTRY 

When  Admiral  Dewey  cabled  the  news  of  the  downfall  of 
Manila  there  were  not  many  persons  in  the  United  States  who 
could  tell  just  where  the  city  of  Manila  and  the  Philippine 
Islands  were  located.  Xow  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  any- 
one, old  or  young,  who  does  not  know  a great  deal  concerning 
both  the  geography  and  the  history  of  this  country  anti  its 
interesting  people.  About  100,000  .Vmericans  have  visited 
the  islands  in  different  capacities — military,  civil,  and  private 
— and  almost  every  community  has  had  its  representatives  in 
our  over-sea  possessions. 

The  Philippine  Islands  lie  in  the  northwestern  Pacific, 
almost  due  south  of  the  center  of  (,'hina  and  north  of  .\us- 
tralia.  Manila  is  seven  days  distant  from  Xagasaki, 
Location  two  days  from  Ilong  Kong,  and  five  days  from  Singa- 
and  pore.  The  Philippine  Archipelago  extends  from  4°  41' 

Extent  to  21°  north  latitude,  and  from  12ti°  20'  to  117°  west 

longitude.  This  is  the  width  over  all  the  islands.  In 
the  widest  parts  of  the  largest  islaruls  it  is  impo.ssible  to  reach 
a point  more  than  100  miles  from  the  sea.  Some  3,000  islands 
have  been  located,  and  more  than  1,000  have  already  been 
named,  the  important  ones  being  Luzon,  Mindoro,  .Masbatc, 
Panay,  Xegros,  Cebu,  Samar,  Leyte,  Bohol,  .Marinduciue, 
Paragua,  and  Mindanao.  The  Sulu  Archipelago,  a small 
group  of  islands  off  Mindanao,  is  also  included  in  the  Philippine 
group. 

In  the  Philippines  is  probably  the  most  equable  climate 
in  the  world,  and  the  most  healthful  of  all  to  be  found  in  the 
tropics.  It  is  warm  all  the  year  round,  and  from  February  to 
May  is  extremely  hot.  Only  two  seasons  are  referred  to — the 
rainy  season,  from  June  to  Xovember,  and  the  dry  season,  from 
5 


December  to  May.  The  variation  in  the  thermometer  is  not 
more  than  forty  degrees  throughout  the  year.  There  are  months 
when  not  a drop  of  rain  falls,  and  there  are  weeks  when 
The  it  falls  continually  and  voluminously.  One  missionary 

Climate  found  by  measuring  that  it  rained  thirty  inches  in 
twenty-four  hours.  The  rain  is  often  accompanied  by 
terrific  windstorms  and  cyclones,  when  thousands  of  the 
houses  are  swept  away.  After  one  of  these  terrible  storms 
one  of  our  bamboo  chapels  was  blown  down,  and  scarcely 

enough  of  the  pieces 
could  be  found  to  con- 
struct a small  fence 
about  the  lot  which 
contained  it.  The  value 
of  building  houses  on 
posts  above  the  ground 
is  seen  in  rainy  weath- 
er. One  of  our  mis- 
sionaries, living  in  the 
best  house  he  could  olv 
tain  in  the  town,  found 
it  necessary'  to  keep  a 
boat  to  carry  him  to 
the  road.  The  heat 
probably'  will  average 
about  ninety'  degrees 
during  the  middle  of 
the  day  throughout 
the  y'ear,  but  this  ex- 
treme heat  is  overbalanced  by  the  cool  nights.  To  those 
not  entirely  acclimated  the  continuous  heat  is  debilitating, 
and,  as  a health  resort,  the  American  government  established 
a summer  capital  at  Baguio,  in  the  Benguet  Mountains,  4,200 
feet  above  sea  level;  this  is  a great  relief  to  all  who  go  there. 
The  army  men  have  a two  y’ear  temr  of  service  in  the  islands, 
the  civil  government  grants  a furlough  after  three  y'ears,  and 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  ^Mission  has  established  five  y’ears  as 
a term  of  service  before  granting  a furlough.  Colonel  Gorgas 

6 


A TREE  FERX 


has  said  of  Panama  that  the  white  man  can  live  a healthy 
life  in  the  tropics  if  he  is  careful  of  his  food  and  water  and 
obeys  all  sanitary  and  hygienic  laws.  And  this  is  true  of  the 
Philippines.  The  American  is  peculiarly  plagued  with  cholera 
and  amoebic  dysentery,  both  diseases  being  transmitted  by  food 
and  water,  which  must  therefore  be  watched  with  special  care. 

Rice,  sugar  cane,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are  the  pi-incipal 
products  of  the  tillable  soil.  Fruit  abounds  in  all  parts  of  the 
islands,  such  as  the  banana,  orange,  mango,  chico. 
Products  papaya,  custard  apple,  jack  fruit,  etc.,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  fresh  fruit  all  the  year  round.  All  kinds  of 
tropical  palms  are  found;  some  producing  fruit,  as  the  cocoanut 
and  the  betel;  others  used  for  manufacturing  rope  and  a fine 
grade  of  hats.  The  nipa  palm, 
which  is  a clump  of  branches 
growing  out  from  the  ground, 
is  u.sed  for  the  sides  anil  roofs 
of  houses.  The  mountains  are 
covered  with  a dense  growth 
of  trees,  many  of  them  being 
the  finest  hard  woods  found  in 
the  world.  Gold  and  copper 
have  been  discovered  in  Luzon 
and  ^lasbate,  and  some  coal 
has  been  found  in  Bataan. 

The  fishing  industry  is  very 
large,  but  furnishes  only  a 
local  food  supply,  the  people 
depending  largelj'  on  fish  for 
food.  The  pearl  fisheries  of 
Sulu  are  becoming  very  im- 
portant, both  for  the  beautiful  and  valuable  pearls  found,  and 
also  for  the  manufacture  of  buttons  and  other  ornaments. 

There  are  very  few  animals  in  the  islands,  either  wild  or 
domesticated.  In  the  mountains  may  be  found  deer  and  wild 
boar,  with  a few  wild  carabao.  In  the  Cagayan  River 
travelers  have  encountered  some  large  crocodiles,  a menace 
to  man  and  beast.  The  carabao,  or  water  buffalo,  is  used 
7 


SPECIMEN  OF  P.\P.VY.V 


for  the  cultivation  of  land  almost  entirely,  and  for  heavy 
transportation  both  in  city  and  country.  For  more  rapid 
transportation  of  heavy  loads  the  vaca,  or  oxen,  are 
Animals  used.  A hardy  little  pony  is  found  in  all  the  islands, 
and  hauls  tvvo-wheeled  vehicles  for  passenger  tran.s- 
portation. 

Added  to  the  corroding  and  destroying  power  of  the  sun 
and  rain  is  the  work  of  certain  insects  which  infest  the  houses. 
The  ant  should  be  put  first  because  he  is  so  numerous  in 
Pests  species  and  quantity.  lie  is  of  all  sizes  and  all  colors.  First 
and  foremost,  he  eats  food;  he  smells  it  miles  off.  He  occu- 
pies a new  house  before  the  owner  can  move  in.  By  way  of 
protection  against  him,  the  legs  of  tables  and  cupboards  must 
be  set  in  tins  full  of  oil  and  water  and  kept  well  covered.  The 
white  ant,  or  anai,  eats  anything,  but  particularly  wood,  clothes, 
books,  etc.  Fortunately,  there  is  a large  red  ant  which  makes 
a business  of  eating  the  white  ant,  and  a royal  battle  ensues 
when  they  meet.  The  red  ant  eats  into  human  flesh  also  on 
every  opportunity.  All  ants  are  good  scavengers,  and  imme- 
diately begin  removing  cockroaches,  molecrickets,  mosquitoes, 
flies,  etc.,  which  are  killed  in  the  house.  The  mosquito  works 
by  day  and  night,  probably  in  relays.  Most  of  the  bungalows 
are  too  open  to  enclose  with  screens,  so  each  bed  has  its 
own  net,  and  in  some  sections  it  has  been  necessary  to  use 
nets  over  desks  and  tables  by  day.  The  cockroaches  are  very 
large,  most  of  them  fly,  and  it  is  very  difficult  to  keep  them  out 
of  pantries  and  iceboxes.  The  molecricket  is  an  inch  and  one 
half  long,  with  a head  like  a horse  and  a slimy  velvet  fur;  he 
comes  whenever  the  lamp  is  lit.  And  oftentimes  in  the  early 
evening  the  flying  ant  appears,  making  dining  impossible  for 
a time.  There  are  a few  other  pests,  such  as  mice  and  rats, 
who  live  in  the  ceiling  instead  of  the  cellar  (because  there  is 
no  cellar!).  The  scorpions  and  centipedes  find  their  way  into 
the  houses  from  the  ground  and  from  the  grass  or  nipa  roofs. 
Snakes  are  occasionally — though  not  often — found  in  houses 
and  beneath  them.  The  friendly  lizard  is  everywhere,  running 
over  wall  and  ceiling,  catching  mosquitoes  and  chirping  gleefully 
whenever  he  captures  a fat  one.  The  foreigner  living  in  the 
8 


islands  grows  accustomed  to  these  pests,  and  has  a care  for 
them,  kills  them,  makes  provision  against  them,  and  then 
forgets  they  are  pests. 

THE  PEOPLE 

The  census  of  1903  shows  a population  of  7,63.5,426,  about 
50  per  cent  of  whom  inhabit  the  island  of  Luzon.  The  so- 
called  Christianized  portion  of  the  inhabitants  are  called 
The  Filipinos;  this  name  refers  to  those  who  have  been 

Filipino  reached  by  the  Spaniards  and  brought  into  subjection 
to  the  State  and  Church.  There  are  7,000,000  of  them, 
and  they  live  in  all  the 
islands.  They  have  been 
more  or  less  influenced 
by  Spanish  civilization, 
though  only  about  five 
per  cent  of  them  are  said 
to  have  been  educated  in 
the  Spani.sh  language. 

They  speak  some  si.xty 
different  dialects  and  are 
evidently  descendants  of 
at  least  that  many  -Malay 
tribes.  In  and  about 
Manila  are  the  Tagalogs, 
and  from  there  north  we 
encounter  the  I’ampan- 
gans,  the  I’angasinanes, 
and  the  Ilocanos,  and 
perhaps  a dozen  lesser 
groups,  speaking  different 
dialects.  The  main  dia- 
lect of  the  southern  is- 
lands is  the  ^ isayan,  divided  into  two  main  groups — the 
I’anayan  and  the  Cebuana.  -\nother  dialect  of  some  impor- 
tance is  the  Bicol,  in  southern  Luzon. 

The  Filipino  is  short  of  stature,  the  average  being  but  little 
over  five  feet.  He  has  the  stiff  black  hair,  flat  brown  face,  and 
9 


.V  FILIPI.XO  GIKI, 


wide  nostrils  peculiar  to  the  Malay.  There  has  been  much 
intermarriage  of  the  Filipino  with  the  Chinese  and  Spaniard, 
and  this  is  shown  in  the  stature,  features,  and  mental  char- 
acteristics of  the  Filipino.  lie  is  adept  in  all  forms  of  cunning, 
and  this  he  may  attribute  to  the  diplomacy  of  the  Spaniard. 
He  is  polite,  hospitable,  and,  as  a rule,  law-abiding.  He  has 
a quick  memory,  and  in  some  cases  shows  unusual  reasoning 
powers.  He  is  vengeful,  and  deems  it  a duty  to  repay  all 
injuries  to  himself  or  relatives.  The  characteristics  of  the 
Filipino  are  such  as  to  give  hope  that  he  will  become  a valuable 
member  of  the  world  family. 

The  Negritos  are  undoubtedly  the  aborigines  and  dwell 
mostly  in  the  Zambales  Mountains,  in  western  Luzon.  The 
mature  adults  do  not  exceed  four  feet  in  height.  They 
Non-  live  in  trees,  caves,  and  behind  walls  built  to  protect 

Christian  them  from  the  wind  and  storms.  They  run  away  from 

Tribes  strangers,  white  or  Filipino.  Some  of  the  children 
have  been  captured  and  are  found  as  slaves  in  the  houses 
of  Filipinos  and  Europeans.  This  practice  has  now  been  stopped 
by  the  American  government.  Recently  an  American  school- 
teacher succeeded  in  opening  a public  school  among  them. 
They  appear  to  be  a decadent  race. 

The  Igorrotes  Live  principally  in  the  Benguet  Mountains, 
in  northern  Luzon.  They  are  as  truly  Malay  as  the  Filipinos 
of  the  plain.  They  are  divided  into  distinct  tribes,  which  are 
at  enmity  with  each  other.  In  their  combats  it  is  the  custom 
of  the  victors  to  cut  off  the  heads  of  the  vanquished.  They 
cultivate  rice,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  coffee,  and  some  vege- 
tables. Their  territory  has  been  divided  into  separate  prov- 
inces, with  American  governors.  Roads  and  trails  have  been 
built  and  schools  established  in  all  parts  with  some  gratifying 
success. 

In  the  island  farthest  south,  Mindanao,  are  the  Moros 
(Moors),  who  are  Mohammedans,  the  only  tribes  in  the  Archi- 
pelago following  the  Arab  prophet.  They  were  never  subju- 
gated by  the  Spaniards,  and  only  after  the  most  strenuous 
fighting  and  w'ork  under  General  Leonard  Wood  was  any  sort 
of  civilizing  process  begun  among  them.  Stable  government 
10 


A MOKO  HORSEMAX 


has  been  established,  a school  system  inaugurated  and  success- 
fully conducted.  iMarkets  or  exchanges  have  been  opened, 
roads  have  been  built, 
and  peace  is  now  guar- 
anteed. 

The  Filipino  lives 
mostly  in  groups;  only 
in  rare  instances 
Native  will  a single  hut 

Homes  be  found.  A small 

group  of  houses  is 
called  a barrio  or  vil- 
lage, the  most  of  the 
houses  being  built  of 
bamljoo  and  nipa.  The 
smallest  nipa  shack 
consists  of  four  bam- 
boo posts,  with  cross- 
pieces joining  the.se 
about  four  feet  from  the  ground.  On  these  crosspieces  rests  the 
bamboo  floor,  leaving  room  underneath  for  the  pigs,  goats, 
chickens,  and  dogs.  The  siiles  and  roof  of  the  house  may  be 
made  of  either  cogon  grass  or  nipa,  the  windows  and  doors 
being  made  of  the  same  material.  The  whole  house  is  fastened 
together  with  bamboo  pegs  or  tied  with  bejuco,  a species  of 
rattan.  Not  an  iron  nail  is  to  be  found  in  the  house. 

The  simplest  furni.shings  of  a house  woukl  be  a woodeti 
bench  along  one  side  of  the  room,  a wooden  chest  or  box  for 
the  clothes,  several  petates  (palm  mats)  rolled  up  and  placed 
over  the  rafters,  some  cotton  pillows  stacked  in  one  corner, 
and  in  another  corner  an  open  earthen  stove,  the  smoke  from 
which  blackens  the  inner  roof;  there  might  also  be  several 
earthen  jars  containing  rice  and  water.  Eggs,  dried  fish,  and 
other  food  supplies  are  suspended  in  bamboo  baskets  from  the 
rafters.  The  food  is  eaten  out  of  cocoanut  shells  or  porcelain 
plates  stretched  in  a line  on  the  floor.  .\t  night  the  household 
sleeps  on  the  petates,  which  are  unrolled  and  cover  the  floor. 
Such  a house  is  easily  enlarged  by  adding  more  rooms  built 
11 


in  the  same  way.  Better  houses  of  the  same  type  are  built  by 
using  wooden  posts  brought  from  the  mountains,  and  some- 
times sawing  out  boards  for  floors  and  siding.  In  the  pueblos, 


A TYI’ICAL  KESIDEXCE  IX  THE  PHILIl’PIXES 

or  cities,  some  of  these  wooden  houses  are  covered  with  corru- 
gated iron  roofing. 

The  Filipino  feels  no  necessity  for  very  hard  work.  His 
needs  are  few  and  these  easily  satisfied.  In  Spanish  times, 
if  he  ever  gained  more  than  a competence,  it  was  taken  from 
him  by  the  exactions  of  the  Church  and  State,  and  now,  under 
the  American  government,  the  higher  ideals  and  the  increased 
cost  of  living  take  all  he  can  make,  though  spurring  him  on  to 
greater  efforts. 

The  simplest  dress  for  men  is  a thin  pair  of  trousers,  with  a 
transparent  shirt  falling  over  them  from  the  shouklers;  both 
garments  may  be  woven  and  made  up  at  home.  The  hat, 
easily  made  from  palm  leaves,  bound  with  bamboo,  from  one 
to  three  feet  in  diameter,  is  good  for  both  sun  and  rain.  A 
man  with  such  a dress  woukl  probably  go  barefooted,  except 
12 


on  special  occasions,  when  he  might  wear  a toe  slipper,  called  a 
chinela.  A Filipino  who  has  received  some  education,  or  at- 
tained to  some  special  position,  uses  a European  coat 
Costumes  and  trousers  pulled  on  over  the  garments  named 
above,  adding  a European  hat  and  shoes.  On  special 
occasions  he  will  even  wear  an  American  shirt,  with  collar, 
necktie,  and  cuffs. 

The  women  have  a simple  and  beautiful  costume,  the  style 
of  which  never  changes.  It  consists  of  a skirt  with  a long 
train,  gathered  with  a string  about  the  waist.  While  working 
in  the  fields,  or  walking  along  the  road,  the  train  can  be  tucked 
in  at  the  waistband.  A cotton  waist  covers  the  body,  with  a 
thin,  loose,  low-necked,  large-sleeved  outer  waist  pinned  in 
front  over  this,  and  a large,  stiffly  starched  kerchief  put  on 
over  the  head  and  covering  the  neck.  This  same  style  of 
dress  is  worn  by  the  wealthiest  and  best  educated  Filipino 
women,  the  only  difference  being  in  the  grade  of  material  used. 
The  gannents  of  children  from  two  years  of  age  upward  are 
identical  with  those  of  their  elders. 

In  most  sections  the  usual  way  for  the  Filipino  to  eat  is 
with  his  fingers.  IMost  hou.ses  have  at  least  one  spoon  which 
may  be  used  in  serving  food.  .V  few  barrios  have  been 
Food  visited  where  not  one  spoon  could  be  found.  The  public 
schools,  together  with  the  Protestant  missionaries,  have 


A COUNTRY  RESTAUR.VNT 

13 


brought  about  many  changes.  Special  rooms  or  curtained 
partitions  have  been  provided  for  the  women  and  visitors; 
tables,  table  covers,  plates,  cups,  spoons,  knives  and  forks, 
and  other  cooking  utensils  are  provided. 

Tlie  Filipino  is  a “good  liver,”  and  yet  he  is  easily  satisfied. 
He  can  subsist  on  a very  little  for  days  and  weeks,  saving  up 
for  some  great  feast  at  the  time  of  a baptism  or  wedding  or 
death  or  the  celebration  of  some  saint’s  day.  Ordinarily  he 
will  eat  rice  and  salt,  with  a little  tlried  fish  or  a decomposed 
variety  of  fish  ealled  bogong  or  some  meat  made  into  a kind  of 
stew.  On  feast  days  he  will  have  rice,  with  pork,  beef,  goat, 
chicken,  eggs,  vegetables,  custard,  and  fruit.  He  generally 
ends  the  meal  by  eating  a banana  and  drinking  about  a quart 
of  water  from  a large  glass. 

Each  pueblo  has  a large  market  ])lace  on  the  plaza,  and  a 
market  is  held  once  or  twice  a week.  Usually  .seven  pueblos 
will  be  on  a circuit,  so  that  the  merchants  may  go  from 
The  one  to  the  other.  To  these  mai'kcts  will  come  also  the 
Market  farmers  from  the  surrounding  country,  bringing  rice, 
tobacco,  chickens,  eggs,  fish,  meat,  home-made  petates 
(palm  mats),  baskets,  bolos  (knives),  and  hats. 

The  business  of  the  Philippines  is  largely  in  the  hands  of 
the  Chinese,  of  whom  there  are  some  60,000  in  the  islands. 
^\'hole  streets  in  Manila  and  in  other  large  cities  are  given  over 
to  them.  Every  small  city  has  its  Chinaman  with  his  little 
store  (tienda),  where  he  sells  everything  from  a match  and  a 
bottle  of  beer  to  a dress  and  a suit  of  clothes.  The  Filipinos 
are  only  beginning  this  larger  mercantile  business,  and  many 
are  succes.sful. 

The  Filipino,  like  all  Orientals,  has  a natural  predilection 
for  gambling.  Everywhere  the  children  may  be  seen  throwing 
pennies  at  a mark.  At  home  men  and  women  will  be 
Diversions  gathered  about  a mat  on  the  floor,  or  a large  table, 
playing  cards  for  larger  stakes.  The  convents  and 
houses  of  the  leading  men  will  be  full  of  gamesters  for  a week 
at  a time  on  fiesta  occasions,  when  hundreds  of  pesos  change 
hands.  Certain  leading  houses  in  every  pueblo  will  have  a 
game  every  day  in  the  week,  and  all  day  Sunday.  All  the 
14 


games  played  by  the  Chinese  and  Spaniards  have  been  learned 
by  the  Filipinos,  and  undoubtedly  many  peculiarly  American 
games  also.  Many  of  the  greatest  gamblers  are  the  women, 
who  neglect  their  households  and  their  families  and  gamble 
away  everything  owned  by  the  family. 

The  vice  of  the  cockpit  (gallera)  is  the  most  pernicious  of 
all  in  its  character-destroying  results.  Formerly  it  was  per- 
mitted on  all  fiesta  or  saints’  days,  as  well 
as  the  day  before  and  after,  and  as  the 
Church  calendar  was  surcharged  with 
these  holidays,  about  two  thirds  of  the 
year  was  given  over  to  fighting  roosters. 

Wince  the  American  occupation  a new  law 
has  been  enacted,  so  that  they  cannot 
have  the  cockpits  open  more  than  one 
hundred  days  in  the  year.  The  Protestant 
Church  fights  tlie.se  evils  openly,  the  public 
school  opposes  them  indirectly,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  the  coming  generation  will 
pa.ss  a law  abolishing  the  institution  en- 
tirely. The  man  of  the  house  pets  the 
rooster  more  than  he  does  his  children; 
he  carries  it  in  his  anus  on  the  street  as  he  goes  to  work;  the 
carpenter  has  his  rooster  with  him  on  the  roof;  the  most  com- 
mon sight  along  the  roadside  is  that  of  two  or  more  men 
squatted  ilown  on  the  ground  training  their  roosters  to  fight. 
The  .Moral  Progre.ss  League,  organized  by  the  Rev.  George  A. 
Miller,  pastor  of  the  American  .Methodist  Fpi.scopal  Church  in 
Manila  in  IfiOf),  instituted  a great  crusade  against  the  cockpit 
and  horse  racing.  It  had  the  approval  of  leading  Filipino 
officials  all  over  the  islands,  and  municipal  boards  voted  out 
the  cockpit  in  their  towns,  but  it  did  not  seem  strong  enough 
to  gain  the  approval  of  the  United  States  Commission.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  Insurrecto  government  of  .\gui- 
naldo,  in  1S9S,  had  abolished  the  cockpit,  and  Jose  Rizal, 
leader  in  reform  mov'ements  and  known  as  the  George  Wash- 
ington of  the  Philippines,  condemned  it  as  the  greatest  vice 
of  his  people. 


15 


Some  Native  Superstitioxs 

The  superstition  of  the  Filipinos  is  acknowledged  bj'  all, 
and  only  a broader  education  and  a better  civilization  will 
serve  to  eradicate  the  ignorant  and  foolish  beliefs  which  now 
possess  so  many  of  them. 

The  sting-fish  has  a very  long  tail,  which  has  an  ivorj’ 
barbed  spear  in  it.  This  gives  it  a decided  advantage  in  fight- 
ing with  an  enemy.  'When  this  fish  is  captured  and 
The  killed  the  tail  is  cut  off  and  bamboo  sticks  are  driven 

Sting-Fish  into  the  thick  end,  so  as  to  make  a handle.  Many 
native  houses  pos.sess  such  a tail,  and  in  the  time  of 
an  earthquake,  typhoon,  or  an  epidemic,  the  head  of  the  house 
takes  the  tail  anil  slashes  around  through  the  house  and  yard 
in  an  attempt  to  drive  the  devils  out. 

Sweating  images  of  saints  are  very  popular.  They  are 
placed  in  dark  corners  of  the  Church,  with  wax  spread  over 
their  surface,  and  are  to  be  approached  only  with  large 
Sweating  candles.  After  the  long  prayer  is  concluded  the  wax 

Images  is  melted,  and  the  drops  trickling  down  look  like  the 

promised  perspiration,  showing  that  the  prayer  has 
been  heard.  At  a certain  season  of  the  year  the  priest  sends 
around  the  town  a little  doll  image  of  the  Christ  which  has 
been  particularh'  blessed.  The  bearer  takes  it  into  each  hou.se, 
and  the  person  coming  to  the  door  and  looking  at  the  doll 
must  drop  a coin  into  the  basket,  or  evil  things  will  happen. 

In  the  channel  at  Dagupan,  where  the  river  empties  into 
the  bay,  the  tide  sometimes  forms  a bar  and  at  other  times 
removes  it.  It  is  said  that  a being,  half  man  and  half 
A 'Water  fish,  lives  there,  and  he  is  called  the  Water  Demon. 

Demon  Should  people  talk  while  crossing  the  bar  the  demon 

becomes  angry  and  stirs  up  the  water,  often  breaking 
the  boat  and  drowning  the  occupants.  ^lany  throw  coins  and 
jewelry  into  the  sea  and  promise  masses  at  the  church  if  de- 
livered from  this  demon. 

During  Passion  Week,  all  over  the  islands,  men  cut  and 
gash  themselves  in  horrible  fashion  in  order  that  by  their 
sufferings  they  may  gain  the  blessings  of  the  Church.  Some 
16 


tie  their  feet  together  with  ropes  and  attempt  to  walk,  when 
they  are  thrown  to  the  ground  with  their  faces  in  the  dirt; 
this  process  is  repeated  until  they  are  completely  ex- 
Self-  hausted  and  are  carried  home.  Others  slash  their 
Torture  backs  with  glass  and  then  walk  up  and  down  the  street 
pounding  their  backs  with  sticks  of  bamboo  tied  on  the 
end  of  ropes.  When  they  fall  they  are  taken  to  the  river  and 
bathed  and  given  wine  to  drink,  then  to  the  church  to  be 
blessed  by  the  priest;  and  the  night  is  spent  in  carousing. 

HISTORY 

Magellan  discovered  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1521,  landing 
on  the  Island  of  Cebu,  where  he  found  natives  trading  with 
China,  Siam,  and  the  Moluccas.  He  lost  his  life  assist- 
In  the  ing  the  Dato  of  Cebu,  who  was  at  war  with  another 

Beginning  tribe.  The  Cebuanas  later  proving  hostile,  the  re- 

maining Spaniards  sailed  away,  one  boat  succeeding 
in  reaching  Spain  with  eighteen  men,  out  of  five  ships  and 
234  men  who  had  set  sail  tliree  years  before.  The  first  name 
given  to  the  islands  was  Islas  del  Poniente,  or  Islands  of  the 
West,  but  when  the  expedition  of  ^'illalobos  reached  the- Island 
of  Samar,  in  1542,  he  gave  it  the  name  of  Fclipina  in  honor  of 
King  Philip,  which  name  finally  came  into  general  use  for  the 
whole  .\rchip(!lago.  The  real  settlement  and  occupation  began 
in  1505,  on  the  arrival  of  the  tliird  expedition  under  Legaspi 
and  the  Augustinian  friar  Urdaneta.  Manila  was  captured 
from  the  Moro  pirates  in  1570,  and  the  conquest  of  Luzon  was 
completed  in  1570.  Manila  became  the  capital  and  seat  of  the 
governor-general  and  the  archliishop,  ami  the  territory  was 
parceled  out  among  the  soldiers  and  the  clergy. 

The  friar  freciucntly  became  the  leading  official  in  local 
governments  and  j)ossessed  eleven  different  kinds  of  civil 
functions.  On  the  basis  of  his  reports  to  the  central 
The  Friars  government  men  were  shot  or  hanged.  There  was 
constant  friction  between  the  archbishop,  the  friar 
orders,  and  the  governor-general,  and  the  latter,  though 
powerful,  was  generally  obliged  to  yield  to  the  demands  of  his 
enemies.  tiovemor  Bustamante,  who  attempted  reforms,  was 
17 


killed  by  a mob  of  Spaniards,  headed  by  the  friars,  in  1719. 
(iovemor  Anda,  in  17t>S,  addressed  to  the  king  a memorial 
charging  the  friars  with  “commercialism,  neglect  of  their 
spiritual  duties,  oppression  of  the  natives,  opposition  to  teach- 
ing Spanish,  and  interference  with  civil  officials  and  affairs.” 
The  Augustinians  had  come  first,  in  1565,  followed  by  the 
Franciscans,  in  1577.  The  Jesuits  arrived  in  1561,  and  the 


RUIXS  OF  OLD  ROMAX  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  AXD  COXVEXT 
This  was  a retreat  for  the  Spanish  Friars  and  was  noted  for  its 
magnificence.  It  is  situated  about  five  miles  from  Manila. 


Dominicans  in  15S7.  The  last  to  arrive  were  the  Recolletos, 
in  1606.  The  Jesuits  became  the  most  successful  in  acquiring 
property  and  wealth,  so  that  they  were  envied  and  feared,  and 
in  1767  they  were  expelled  and  their  property,  valued  at 
1,320,000  pesos,  was  confiscated.  They  were  allowed  to  re- 
turn in  1S52,  under  condition  that  they  would  hold  no  prop- 
erty, but  devote  themselves  to  missions  in  ilindanao  and  to 
higher  education  of  the  Filipinos. 

From  the  lieginning  Spain  made  a mistake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Filipinos.  In  the  words  of  Dr.  David  P.  Barrows: 
”-\ll  classes  of  Spain’s  colonial  government  were  frankly  in 
pursuit  of  wealth.  Greed  filled  them  all  and  was  the  mainspring 
of  even.'  discover^'  and  even.'  settlement.  The  king  wanted 
revenue  for  his  treasury-;  the  noble  and  the  soldier,  booty  for 
18 


their  private  purses;  the  friar,  wealth  for  his  order;  and  the 
bishop,  power  for  his  Church.”  Land  was  assigned  to  soldier 
and  priest,  together  with  a certain  number  of  natives, 
A Policy  with  power  to  dispose  of  the  one  without  the  other, 
of  Greed  We  find  thus  that  the  inherent  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
people  were  taken  away  from  them,  together  with  the 
land  upon  which  God  had  placed  them,  and  that  they  were 
exploited  for  the  benefit  of  their  conquerors  and  oppressors. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  we  read  of  constant  insurrections  on  the 
part  of  these  down-trodden  islanders.  The  later  insur- 
Resulting  rections  seemed  to  be  directed  against  the  friar,  who 
Unrest  was  the  visible  and  only  representative  of  Spanish 
authority.  The  friar’s  work  had  become  materialized 
by  the  possession  of  vast  estates  upon  which  his  spiritual 
charges  lived  and  labored  as  tenants  or  dependents.  One 
revolt  was  led,  in  1S41,  by  a young  man  of  twenty-seven,  who 
had  been  educated  for  the  priesthood.  lie  was  driven  into 
rebellion  by  the  friars,  who  feared  his  accompli-shments  and  his 
ambitions.  One  thousand  Filipinos  were  killed  before  the 
revolt  ended.  The  attem[>ted  soldiers’  revolt  of  1872  was 
discovered  and  fifty-two  soldiers  and  three  native  priests  were 
publicly  shot  in  -Manila,  while  many  prominent  men  were 
sent  into  e.xile. 

A secret  organization  called  Masonrj'  was  formed  about 
this  time  and  spread  through  the  islands,  having  back  of  it 
the  idea  of  reform.  Josd  Rizal,  a doctor  and  writer 
Rebellions  of  great  ability,  was  a leader  in  the  reform  movements. 

Recause  of  his  books  and  tracts  on  liberty,  freedom, 
and  reform  he  was  arrested,  exiled,  and  finally  shot  in  .Manila. 
He  has  ever  since  been  regarded  as  the  Filipino  national  hero. 
The  most  important  secret  organization  arose  in  1892,  called 
the  Katipunan,  headed  by  -Vndres  Bonifacio,  with  the  avowed 
object  of  expelling  the  friars  anti,  if  possible,  gaining  inde- 
pendence. In  1896  the  propo.sed  plan  of  rebellion  was  dis- 
covered through  the  priests  and  the  confessional,  and  several 
thousand  prominent  Filipinos  were  arrested  and  shot  or  exiled. 
The  center  of  the  revolt  was  in  Cavite,  and  was  headed  by  a 
young  school-teacher,  Emilio  .Aguinaldo.  The  people  were  in 
19 


arms  everywhere,  and,  though  defeated  in  open  battle,  the 
government  made  peace  with  them  by  promises  of  reform 
and  the  payment  of  (500,000  pesos  to  Aguinaldo,  who  withdrew 
to  Ilong  Ko!ig  with  some  of  the  leaders.  When  Dewey  sunk 
the  Spanish  ships,  in  May,  1898,  Aguinaldo  returned  by  per- 
mission of  the  admiral,  who  furnished  him  some  arms  and 
ammunition  to  assist  in  taking  Manila.  When  the  Filipinos 
found  that  the  Spanish  government  was  to  be  replaced  by 
the  American  government  they  took  the  field,  and  more  or 
less  active  fighting  was  kept  up  until  the  capture  of  Aguinaldo 
in  1901.  All  of  the  islands  were  occupied  by  American  troops 
until  the  leaders  had  been  captured  or  had  surrendered  and 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Those  refusing  to  take  the  oath 
were  exiled  to  Guam  until  ready  to  do  so. 

The  new  government  was  very  liberal  from  the  beginning, 
and  all  offices  hav'e  been  given  to  the  Filipinos  wherever  pos- 
sible. There  are  thirty-eight  organized  provinces  or 
The  states,  whose  gov'ernors  are  elected  by  the  people. 

American  There  are  some  twelve  hundred  municipalities,  whose 
Policy  presidentes,  or  mayors,  and  concejales,  or  aldermen, 
are  also  elected.  The  islands  have  been  divided  into 
districts  according  to  the  population,  and  delegates  are  elected 
to  the  A.s.sembly,  which  acts  jointly  with  the  Commission  in 
the  gov'ernment  of  the  islands.  A civil  service  has  been  estal> 
fished,  and  the  Filipino  is  given  the  preference  over  the  Amer- 
ican in  any  office  for  which  he  possesses  the  requisite  ability. 
In  the  judicial  department  there  is  a Supreme  Court,  with  a 
Filipino  chief  justice,  and  the  judges  of  the  courts  of  first 
instance  are  both  Americans  and  Filipinos.  The  justices  of 
peace  in  each  municipality  are  all  Filipinos.  The  public  school 
system  is  the  wonder  of  the  world.  Schools  have  been  estab- 
lished in  every  part  of  the  islands,  including  schools  for  Igor- 
rotes,  Negritos,  and  Moros.  About  one  thousand  American 
and  seventy-five  hundred  Filipino  teachers  direct  this  work. 
Instruction  is  entirely  in  the  English  language,  and  it  is  pro- 
posetl  to  make  English  the  official  language  of  the  islands  in 
1913.  The  revenues  of  the  islands  are  deriv'ed  from  taxation, 
and  customs  duties  amounting  to  more  than  $15,000,000  per 
20 


year  are  collectetl.  At  different  times  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  has  voted  appropriations  to  assist  in  the  more 
rapid  development  of  the  country.  Each  pueblo  or  city  has 
its  own  police,  and  in  addition  there  is  a force  of  constabulary 
— native  soldiers  uniler  American  and  Filipino  officers — which 
acts  as  a general  police  force  for  the  islaiuls.  The  American 


NATIVE  COX3CADULARY  SOLDIERS 

army  in  tlic  islands  consists  of  about  ten  tliousand  .Americans 
and  several  thousand  Filipinos,  called  scouts,  under  American 
officers  and  governed  by  the  regular  army  regulations.  .V 
large  part  of  this  force  has  been  kept  in  Mindanao  for  the 
subjugation  of  the  Aloros. 

The  city  of  Alanila  has  been  entirely  made  over.  Its  har- 
bor has  been  enlarged  and  deepened  and  a sea  wall  built, 
together  with  a wharf  which  will  admit  the  largest 
Public  vessels.  The  moat  about  the  walls  and  the  low 

Improvements  places  have  been  filled  up,  streets  have  been 
widened  and  paved,  parks  and  gardens  have  been 
establi.shcd,  new  iron  bridges  have  been  built  across  the  Pasig 
Itiver,  a fine  sewerage  system  has  been  inaugurated,  and  a 
21 


street  railway  has  been  built  which  is  modern  in  every  way. 
Throughout  the  provinces  concrete  and  iron  bridges  have 
been  built,  and  all  main  roads  of  travel  have  been  maca<l- 
amized.  Buildings  of  strong  materials  have  been  constructed 
for  the  provincial  capitals  and  high  schools,  and  bamboo  and 
wooden  hou.ses  erected  in  every  pueblo  and  barrio  for  the 
primarj-  schools. 

A summer  capital  has  been  established  at  Baguio,  in  the 
mountains  of  Benguet,  in  Luzon,  to  which  a stone  road  has  now 
been  ljuilt  through  and  over  the  mountains  at  great  expense. 
The  only  railroad  in  1904  extended  from  Manila  to  Dagupan, 
a distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles.  This  railroad 
has  now  been  built  thirty-five  miles  into  the  mountains  toward 
Baguio,  and  also  fifty  miles  along  the  coast  northward  into 
Union  Province,  and  is  later  to  be  extended  to  Laoag,  in  Ilocos 
Xorte.  Southward  from  Manila  the  road  extends  to  Cavite 
and  Batangas  and  northeast  to  ,\ntipolo.  Another  company 
is  now  building  railroads  in  the  islands  of  Cebu  and  Panay. 
Regular  boats  ply  between  all  islands  under  guaranteed  mail 
contracts  with  the  government,  and  boat  service  is  main- 
tained on  important  rivers,  while  several  automobile  lines 
connect  interior  towns.  All  parts  of  the  islands  have  their 
cable,  telegraph  and  telephone  connections  and  receive 
through  the  Post  Office  Department  regular  deliveries  of  mail. 
Large  sums  have  been  appropriated  for  an  extensive  irriga- 
tion system,  and  the  work  of  reclaiming  waste  land  has  been 
begun.  More  than  fifty  artesian  wells  have  been  dug,  and  the 
people  thus  provided  with  pure  water.  A leper  colony  has 
been  established  on  the  Island  of  Culion,  where  hundreds  of 
lepers  have  been  segregated,  anti  the  people  are  being  edu- 
cated up  to  the  point  of  desiring  all  lepers  to  go  there.  It 
is  safe  to  say  that  more  has  been  accomplished  in  ten  years 
of  American  occupation  than  would  have  been  accomplished 
by  the  Filipinos  if  left  to  themselves  in  fifty  or  a hundred 
years. 

THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

Following  the  war,  the  Roman  Church  found  itself  in  a 
demoralized  condition.  All  the  friars  and  Spanish  priests 
22 


SCENE  IN  THE  MOHNTAINS  OK  MKNGUET  PUO\TNC'E ON  THE  HOAD  HEADING  TO  BAGUIO 


were  driven  into  i\Ianila  because  of  the  hatred  of  the  people. 
Churches  had  been  destroyed  or  burned.  More  than  three 
million  Fihpinos  had  organized  an  Independent  Filipino 
After  Church,  repudiating  the  authority  of  the  Pope,  but 
the  War  clinging  to  many  of  the  practices  of  the  Church.  They 
elected  Gregorio  Aglipay,  an  Ilocano,  as  the  archbishop. 
In  hundreds  of  places  they  took  possession  of  the  Homan 
churches.  Many  other  Filipinos  repudiated  the  Church.  At 
the  present  time  only  small  numbers  attend  regularly,  since 
they  are  no  longer  forced  to  do  so.  A nominal  Romanist,  a 
leading  citizen  of  Manila,  recently  stated  that  no  more  than 
thirty  per  cent  of  the  people  were  real  followers  of  the  Pope. 
Archbishop  Harty  and  the  American  priests  have  done  much 
in  the  way  of  reorganization.  He  has  been  obliged  to  appeal 
to  his  Church  in  America  for  missionarj^  funds,  as  he  has 
received  none  of  the  money  paid  to  the  friars  for  their  land. 
A Roman  Catholic  governor-general  in  office  for  over  three 
years,  by  his  close  affiliation  with  the  Church  officials,  has 
done  much  to  cause  the  people  to  believe  that  Church  and 
State  are  one.  In  the  presence  of  one  hundred  thousand  peo- 
ple, and  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  he  took  an  active  part  in 
crowning  a doll  as  patron  saint  of  Manila. 

The  Roman  Church  has  not  greatly  changed  its  tactics. 
The  priests  still  have  their  concubines  and  drink  and  gamble. 
Children  must  be  baptized  by  the  priest;  young  people 
Evil  must  be  married  by  the  priest;  the  dead  must  be  buried 

Practices  by  the  priest,  and  for  each  service  a price  must  be 

paid.  Mass  must  be  said  for  the  repose  of  the  soul, 
prayers  must  be  offered  to  mitigate  punishment  in  purgatorj^ 
and  for  deliverance  therefrom.  In  this  way  the  Church  taxes 
the  living  and  the  dead.  It  is  the  only  profitable  business 
in  many  a Filipino  town. 

The  Taft  Commission  found  that  the  land  question  was  one 
of  the  causes  for  the  burning  hatred  of  the  people  toward  the 
priests,  and  Mr.  Taft  was  sent  on  a special  pilgrimage  to  Rome, 
where,  through  the  Pope,  he  negotiated  the  purchase  of  all 
friar  lands  for  .S7, 000,000,  with  the  understanding  that  the 
friars  were  to  leave  the  islands.  The  latter  condition  was  not 
24 


agreed  to  by  them,  and,  after  a great  deal  of  haggling,  they 
accepted  this  sum,  but  held  out  some  very  valuable  land  from 
the  contract.  A Manila  paper  recently  said  that 
Friar  Lands  more  than  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  additional 
friars  had  entered  the  islands  since  American  occu- 
pation, and  the  number  seems  to  be  increasing  rather  than 
decreasing.  The  friars  are  gradually  going  back  to  the  prov- 
inces. In  Cebu  a Spanish  priest  led  a mob  in  an  attack  on  a 
Presbj'terian  chapel,  in  which  the  Filipino  pastor  was  killed. 
The  Spanish  priest  was  tried  and  convicted  of  manslaughter. 
While  at  liberty  under  appeal  bond  his  bishop  appointed  him 
to  another  parish,  which  he  served  until  his  appeal  was  denied. 

The  Bible  was  practically  unknown  before  the  coming  of 
the  American  missionary".  An  ex-priest  and  a German  col- 
porteur brought  some  Pangasinan  Gospels  to  Manila  a 
The  Bible  few  years  before  American  occupation.  Both  men  were 
poisoned  at  the  hotel,  the  Spaniard  dying  and  the 
German  escaping  to  a warship  and  recovering.  The  Roman 
Church  has  now  put  some  Douay  versions  of  the  Bible  in 
Spanish  and  English  on  sale. 

The  Roman  Church  undoubtedly  possesses  great  power 
with  the  government,  and  because  of  this  power  it  is  accord- 
ingly feared  by  the  people.  The  Church  has  always 
Romanism  been  an  encmj'  of  liberty  and  education,  and  it  does 
and  the  not  favor  the  present  school  system  nor  does  it  en- 

Schools  courage  the  aspirations  of  the  people  to  govern  them- 

selves at  some  time,  for  the  Church  can  handle  a 
foreign  government  better  than  it  can  manage  a free  people. 
The  Church  sought  at  first  to  secure  the  appropriation  for 
education  to  use  through  its  parochial  schools.  Failing  in 
that,  it  has  attempted  to  control  the  public  school.  Through 
its  efforts  large  numbers  of  Roman  Catholic  school-teachers 
have  come  to  the  islands.  -\t  one  time  a law  passed  the  Com- 
mission to  give  over  the  education  of  children  under  eight  or 
ten  years  to  private  schools,  allowing  them  grant  in  aid.  This 
was  opposed  by  the  Evangelical  Union  and  was  recalled.  Dr. 
David  B.  Barrows,  Director  of  Education,  wrote  a hi.storj"  of 
the  Pliilippines  for  use  in  public  schools,  based  largely  on 
25 


histories  written  bj'-  Spanish  friars  and  on  public  documents. 
Because  it  stated  unwelcome  truths,  protest  was  made  by  l.o- 
man  Catholic  officials,  and  it  was  not  permitted  in  the  school 
curriculum.  Dr.  Barrows  was  asked  to  suppress  the  circula- 
tion of  the  book,  which  he  refused  to  do.  It  is  said  that  this 
action  on  his  part  caused  him  to  lose  an  appointment  as  a 
member  of  the  Commission. 

An  oialer  has  been  issued  by  the  Commission  to  all  school- 
teachers not  to  affiliate  with  any  Church.  This,  of  course. 


EO^r.VX  C.\THOLIC  CATI.EDR.VL,  1I.\NIL.\. 

strikes  at  the  personal  liberty  of  the  individual,  but,  as  it 
carries  with  it  the  threat  of  dismissal,  many  literally  carry 
out  the  order.  .\n  .\merican  who  had  taught  in  one  town  for 
eight  years,  ha\'ing  the  most  successful  school  in  the  island, 
was  complained  of  because  he  attended  a Protestant  church 
on  Sunday  and  taught  in  the  Sunday  school.  Though  he 
obtained  affidavits  from  Filipino  municipal  officials  that  he 
had  not  taught  Protestantism  in  the  schools,  and  had  never 
attacked  the  Roman  Church,  the  Commission  ordered  him 
to  stay  away  from  the  iUethodist  Episcopal  Church  or  he 
26 


would  be  dismissed.  Appeal  to  the  President  failed  to  secure 
any  relief. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the 
Philippines  is  a Christian  Church.  It  denies  an  open  Bible 
and  does  not  preach  the  Gospel;  it  teaches  the  infal- 
Decadent  hbility  of  the  Pope  and  worship  of  images,  saints, 
Christianity  and  the  Virgin  Mary;  it  offers  the  mass,  absolution, 
the  confessional,  burning  of  candles,  and  counting  of 
beads  in  place  of  direct  worship  ami  prayer  to  Jesus  Christ, 
the  only  Mediator  between  God  and  man.  It  offers  husks 
instead  of  true  grain.  It  has  done  nothing  to  improvo  the 
morals  of  the  people,  and  its  main  influence  has  been  to  crystal- 
lize and  harden  their  vices,  making  it  more  difficult  to  evan- 
gelize them.  For  this  its  leaders  must  give  an  account  unto 
God  whom  they  ignorantly  teach  and  falsely  worship. 

PROTESTANT  MISSION  WORK 

There  was  no  mi.ssion  work  from  the  Protestant  standpoint 
until  the  arrival  of  the  American  army.  The  first  preaching 
was  probably  done  by  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Prautch,  form- 
Earliest  erly  a Methodist  Episcopal  missionary  in  India,  but 

Protestant  then  in  business  in  Manila.  lie  was  assisted  in  the 

Work  l)eginning  by  army  and  navy  chaplains  and  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

secretaries  Large  erowds  waited  on  these  impromptu 
meetings  and  many  earnest  seekers  came  to  his  home  for 
further  instruction. 

Bishop  James  M.  Thoburn,  Methodist  Episcopal  Bishop  in 
India,  arrived  in  Manila  in  .March,  1899,  and  preached  the 
first  sermon  in  the  Philippines  delivered  by  a regularly  ac- 
credited repre.sentative  of  any  Protestant  missionary  society. 
In  opening  the  mission  work  in  Singapore,  in  1888,  he  had 
prayed  fervently  for  a similar  opportunity  in  Manila,  and  it 
was  therefore  peculiarly  fitting  that  this  prophet  and  sainted 
bishop  should  be  chosen  to  inaugurate  the  work  in  the 
Philippines. 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  began  its  work 
through  Mr.  Randle,  who  arrived  in  the  fall  of  1898,  and  the 
American  Bible  Society  sent  the  Rev'.  Jay  C.  Goodrich  as  its 
27 


agent  in  November,  1899.  The  Rev.  James  B.  Rodgers,  a 
Presbyterian  missionary,  formerly  in  Brazil,  reached  IManila 
April  21  1899.  The  first  missionaries  sent  out  by 
First  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  were  the  Rev. 

Missionaries  Thomas  II.  Martin,  who  arrived  in  March,  1900,  and 
the  Rev.  Jesse  L.  McLaughlin,  who  came  in  May, 
1900,  the  latter  becoming  later  presiding  elder  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  District  of  the  Malaysia  Conference. 

The  other  Churches  founding  missions  in  the  islands  were; 
Baptist,  United  Brethren,  Episcopal,  Disciples  of  Christ,  and 


A TYPICAL  OPEN-AIR  MEETING 


Congregational — all  sending  missionaries  before  the  middle 
of  1901. 

Representatives  of  these  different  missions  came  together 
in  Manila,  April  24-26,  1901,  and  organized  the  Evangelical 
Union  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  with  the  avowed 
Practical  object  of  securing  comity  and  effectiveness  for  their 
Federation  missionary  operations.  The  following  is  a part  of 
the  resolutions  adopted  as  to  division  of  territory: 

“Be  it  resolved,  that  each  mission  now  represented  on  the 
field  accept  the  responsibility  for  the  evangelization  of  certain 
28 


well  defined  areas,  to  be  mutually  agreed  upon,  such  agree- 
ment to  be  open  to  revision  at  the  end  of  three  years  by  the 
Evangehcal  Union  at  its  regular  meeting,  and 

“Be  it  resolved,  that  in  the  Island  of  Luzon  the  Methodists 
shall  become  responsible  for  the  work  in  the  provinces  of 
Bulacan,  Pampanga,  Tarlac,  Xueva  Ecija,  Pangasinan, 
Division  of  Bataan,  and  Zambales;  the  Presbyterians  for  the 
Territory  work  in  the  provinces  of  Morong,  Laguna,  Batangas, 
Cavite,  Tayabas,  north  and  south  Camarines,  and 
Albay;  the  United  Brethren  for  the  work  in  the  provinces  of 
La  Union,  Ilocos  X’orte,  and  llocos  Sur.” 

Later  the  Methodists  were  given  the  Cagayan  Valley,  Ilocos 
Sur,  and  Abra,  and  a part  of  Rizal.  The  Baptists  agreed  to 
work  in  the  islands  of  Negros  and  Panay  in  connection  with 
the  Presbjderians,  the  latter  also  doing  work  in  Cebu  and 
Bohol.  The  missionaries  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  did  not 
sign  the  agreement,  but  accepted  Ilocos  Norte  as  their  field. 
Later  they  came  into  Ilocos  Sur  and  Abra,  where  the  Meth- 
odists were  already  at  work.  They  have  also  done  some  work 
in  the  Cagayan,  Bulacan,  Rizal,  Laguna,  Batangas,  and 
Cavite  provinces.  Claiming  as  they  do  to  be  the  Christian 
Church,  they  did  not  feel  they  could  agree  to  confine  them- 
selves to  any  particular  territory.  The  Episcopal  Mission  also 
did  not  sign  the  agreement,  as  they  did  not  intend  to  work 
among  the  so-called  civilized  Filipinos,  but  e.xpected  to  direct 
their  efforts  among  the  Igorrotcs  and  .Moros.  Manila  was  to 
be  considered  common  territory  for  all  missions,  and  the 
Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Disciples  of  Christ,  and  Episco- 
palians have  established  American  and  Filipino  churches  there. 

THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  MISSION 
The  first  attempt  on  the  part  of  Methodism  to  establish  its 
work  in  the  Philippines  was  made  by  the  Woman’s  Foreign 
Missionary  Society.  Four  ladies  were  appointed  and 
First  arrived  in  Febniary,  1900.  They  were  Miss  Julia  E. 
Attempt  Wisner,  Miss  Margaret  F.  Cody,  Mrs.  Cornelia  Moots, 
and  Dr.  Annie  Norton.  They  undertook  to  open  a 
boarding  school  for  girls,  but  the  effort  failed,  as  there  was  at 
29 


LungituUo  E!i»t  froui  Oreouwich 


that  time  no  Protestant  constituency,  and  the  government 
had  already  opened  a complete  system  of  free  public  schools. 
These  ladies  were  transferred  to  other  fields  or  returned  home. 


ONE  OF  THE  EARLY  METHODIST  CHAPELS 

Dr.  Xorton  returned  later  to  the  Philippines,  and  now  lives 
in  i\Ianila  and  is  doing  good  work  among  the  people  of 
Santa  ^lesa,  though  no  longer  connected  with  a missionary 
society. 

On  the  arrival  of  i\Ir.  McLaughlin,  referred  to  above,  the 
organized  work  of  the  i\Iethodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
Philippines  was  begun.  Street  and  house  meetings 
Organized  were  started  in  Manila,  and  the  most  strategic  points 
Work  were  chosen  and  ■visited  regularly.  In  1903  Mr. 

Begun  McLaughlin  reported:  “Definite  work  has  been  under- 

taken in  about  fifty  different  places,  ■with  forty  or- 
ganized congregations.  The  average  weekly  attendance  is 
from  twenty  to  twenty-five  thousand.” 

32 


Growth  of  Manila  District 
From  Manila  the  work  spread  in  all  directions  through 
natural  causes.  During  the  insurrection  thousands  of  people 
had  come  to  Manila  for  safety,  and  some  of  these,  becoming 
converted,  returned  to  their  homes  with  the  good  news,  carry- 
ing Bibles  and  tracts  with  them.  Other  Manila  members,  who 
had  relatives  in  the  provinces,  visited  them  from  time  to  time 
and  established  new  centers  of  the  Gospel  light. 

Mr.  McLaughlin  was  greatly  assisted  by  Filipino  workers, 
whom  he  appointed  exhorters  as  soon  as  he  had  proved  that 
they  possessed  gifts  and  graces  for  the  work.  As  fast  as 
Filipino  preaching  places  were  established  they  were  regularly 
Helpers  supplied  by  these  Filipino  preachers,  who  pu.shed  the 
work  with  great  zeal.  When  i\Ir.  ^IcLaughlin  went  to 
the  United  States  on  furlough,  in  Februaiy,  1905,  he  left 
2,441  members  and  probationers,  41  exhorters,  5 Sunday 
schools  with  770  scholars,  and  15  chapels.  After  his  furlough 
at  home  he  returned  as  agent  of  the  .\merican  Bil)le  Society, 
in  which  work  he  has  since  luul  remarkalile  success  in  printing 
and  distrilniting  the  Scriptures. 

Dr.  Homer  Stuntz  (now  First  Assistant  Corresponding 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions),  who  had  been  a 
missionary  in  India  (1888-95),  was  appointed  pre- 
Early  Days  siding  ekler  of  the  Philippine  work  and  pastor  of  the 

of  the  American  Church,  arriving  in  Manila  April,  1901. 

Mission  He  was  of  untold  value  to  the  work  in  its  beginnings 

because  of  his  ripe  judgment  and  c.xperience,  his 
power  as  a preacher,  his  missionary  zeal,  his  fearlessness  in 
denouncing  wrong  and  upholding  right,  and  because  of  the 
great  respect  in  which  he  was  held  by  all  government  officials. 
On  no  one  of  our  mission  fields  had  the  work  proceeded  so 
rapidly  or  successfully,  and  new  questions  as  to  methods  of 
procetlure  were  arising  daily.  Property  was  needed,  and  the 
best  locations  for  churches,  institutions,  and  resiliences  must 
be  selected.  The  Church  at  home  needed  to  be  informed  as 
to  the  work.  Dr.  Stuntz  visited  the  Lmited  States  in  1902, 
and  the  Church  responded  to  the  call  with  special  gifts  and  an 
33 


additional  appropriation  of  So, 000.  He  also  represented  the 
mission  before  the  General  Conference  of  1904,  which  heard 
the  petition  of  the  missionaries  to  be  formed  into  a Mission 
Conference  with  the  privilege  of  organizing  an  Annual  Con- 
ference at  the  end  of  the  quadrennium.  This  was  done  in 
1908,  under  the  presidency  of  Bishops  Robinson  and  Oldham. 
Dr.  Stuntz  is  largely  responsible  for  the  prohibition  of  the 
opium  traffic  in  the  Philippines.  Mlien  the  Commission  pro- 
posetl  a law  regulating  the  sale  and  use  of  this  drug  he  or- 
ganized the  Christian  forces  and  pleaded  the  case  before  the 
Commission.  A law  was  passed  to  curtail  its  use  gradually 
and  to  prohibit  the  sale  and  use  after  three  years.  The  islands 
are  now  free  from  the  blight,  and  all  smugglers  and  users  are 
apprehended  and  punished.  Dr.  Stuntz  was  superintendent 
of  the  mission  in  1904  and  1905,  and  in  December  of  the  latter 
year  returned  home  on  account  of  ill  health. 

The  Rev.  Marvin  A.  Rader,  D.D.,  came  to  the  Philippines  in 
1903,  being  assigned  to  Malabon,  a city  of  40,000  people,  five 


KNOX  MEMORI.\L  CHURCH,  M.\XrL.\ 
Largest  Protestant  Church  for  Filipinos  in  the  Islands 

34 


miles  north  of  Manila.  In  two  years  the  work  spread  throughout 
that  region  to  such  an  extent  that  at  the  Conference  of  1905 
he  was  able  to  report  2,005  members,  with  ten  exhorters  and 
ten  chapels.  Dr.  Rader  has  served  as  pastor  of  the  American 
Church,  and  as  agent  of  the  Publishing  House,  and  for  five 
years  has  been  superintendent  of  the  Manila  District. 

The  Rev.  Charles  W.  Koehler  came  from  the  Southern 
Illinois  Conference  in  October,  1907,  and,  after  a few  months 
in  the  Bulacan  Province,  was  assigned  to  the  Manila 
A Successful  District,  where  he  has  been  very  successful  as  an 
Evangelist  evangelist.  During  the  two  weeks  Bible  Institute 
for  preachers  and  workers  at  Caloocan,  in  1909, 
]\Ir.  Koehler  held  daily  Pentecostal  services  which  resulted  in 
many  marvelous  experiences.  This  is  undoubtedly  the  be- 
ginning (jf  a great  revival  movement  which  is  .spreading 
throughout  the  churches,  (piickening  old  members  and  con- 
verting hundreds  of  others.  Mr.  Koehler  has  also  had  an 
interesting  work  among  the  soldiers  at  Port  McKinley,  near 
Manila,  where  more  than  one  hundred  and  thirty  men  have 
begun  the  new  life. 

The  -Manila  District  com])rises,  besides  the  city,  the  prov- 
inces of  Rizal,  Bataan,  and  Zambales.  Until  recently  there 
has  been  practically  no  mis.sion  work  in  Zambales  be- 
In  the  cause  of  lack  of  funds  to  send  workers  there.  In  1909 
Hands  of  two  gentlemen  of  -Minneapolis,  the  Rev.  S.  M.  Dick 
Natives  and  .Mr.  V.  Bohrnstedt,  agreed  to  undertake  its 
evangelization  by  sustaining  ton  Filipino  preachers. 
M’ork  h as  been  opened  in  a large  number  of  towns,  resulting 
in  the  -securing  of  several  hundred  converts  the  first  year. 
Bataan  Province,  though  without  a resident  missionary,  has 
progressed  under  the  leadership  of  the  Rev.  Simeon  Bias,  who 
works  without  salarj'.  He  is  an  ordained  local  elder  and  a 
succe.ssful  business  man,  who  gives  most  of  his  time  to  Gospel 
preaching. 

There  has  been  a great  deal  of  persecution  in  the  last  few 
years  due  to  the  growing  power  and  reorganization  of  the 
Roman  Church.  In  Pasay  church  services  were  stopped  by 
the  town  band  practicing  in  the  rear  of  the  church  directly 
35 


behiiKl  the  pulpit,  and  giving  concerts  at  the  chapel  entrance, 
the  town  officials  refusing  to  interfere  in  the  interest  of  peace 
and  order.  At  Xavotas  American  missionaries,  with 
Persecution  Filipino  preachers  and  members,  were  thrown  into 
prison  for  street  preaching,  under  a woniout  Span- 
i.sh  law,  the  police  and  justice  working  at  the  instigation  of 
the  Roman  priest.  The  mission  work  so  thrived,  however, 
that  at  the  present  time — le.ss  than  two  years  later — the  ma- 
jority of  the  city  officials  elected  are  Protestants.  At  Mecau- 
yan  the  Roman  priest  struck  a Protestant  over  the  head 
and  eye  for  refusing  to  bow  to  an  image,  and  on  trial 
the  priest  was  absolved  from  blame  by  the  local  justice. 
These  are  some  examples  of  outward  forms  of  persecution; 
there  is  another  sort  in  which  the  convert  loses  friends,  he  is 
ostracized  from  society,  he  loses  his  employment,  threats  are 
made  against  his  life,  he  is  falsely  accused,  and  in  many  other 
ways  pressure  is  brought  to  bear  to  cause  him  to  give  up  the 
new  life. 

In  1909  there  was  a defection  led  by  the  Rev.  Xicolas 
Zamora,  which  seemed  at  first  to  be  serious.  Mr.  Zamora  was 
the  first  ordained  Filipino  preacher  and  had  occupied 
The  Zamora  the  largest  pulpits.  He  became  dissatisfied  with  his 
Defection  salary,  the  slowness  of  his  rise  in  the  Conference, 
and  the  growing  importance  of  his  fellow  Filipino 
preachers.  He  took  with  him  the  lai'gcr  part  of  the  member- 
ship of  the  Tondo  church,  which  he  was  serving,  and  a few 
members  from  each  of  the  i\Ianila  churches,  making  about 
twelve  hunilred  in  all.  At  the  first  meeting  of  this  independent 
church  Zamora  was  elected  bishop.  There  were  also  a few 
followers  in  the  provinces  where  preacher  or  people  had  some 
slight  grievance.  Some  of  the  seceders  have  returned  to  their 
former  churches,  and  many  others  have  ceased  to  attend  any 
church.  The  schism  was  caused  partly  by  the  spirit  of  the 
times  in  the  Philippines  and  partly  by  the  personal  ambition 
of  one  man.  The  Filipino  papers  are  full  of  independence 
talk  and  it  is  the  theme  of  the  politician’s  address.  Every- 
where the  people  are  told  that  they  can  run  their  ov\-n  affairs 
without  interference  of  outsiders.  Under  these  circumstances 
36 


it  is  surprising  that  the  Zamora  movement  received  so  little 
support  from  the  great  mass  of  our  Filipino  preachers  and 
people. 

The  Mission  I’ress  was  started  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  ^IcLaughlin, 
in  1901,  with  a very  small  outfit.  It  has  since  developed  into 
the  Methodist  Pul)lishing  House,  with  a building  of 
Publishing  its  own,  doing  a printing,  bookbinding,  and  photo- 
House  engraving  business.  It  prints  the  Christian  .\dvocate 

in  English,  Tagalog,  Parnpanga,  Pangasinan,  and 
Ilocano,  as  well  as  Sunday  school  literature  and  tracts  in  these 
ilifTerent  dialects,  amounting  to  several  million  pages  each 
year.  It  is  a powerful  evangelistic  agent,  and  supplements  in 


TYI’ESETTEUS  AT  WORK  IX  THE  PUBLISHI.XG  HOUSE,  .M.VXIL.V 


a A'erv’’  nece.s.sary  way  every  part  of  the  missionary’s  work. 
The  work  is  hampered  l>y  lack  of  ]>roper  up-to-date  equipment 
and  by  the  small  amount  of  the  funds  in  hand  for  literary 
output.  The  Rev.  Fred  .V.  McCarl  gave  several  years  of 
service  to  the  Press,  and  it  has  been  in  charge  of  the  Rev. 
Arthur  E.  Chenoweth  since  190.'),  except  during  a furlough 
period  spent  by  him  in  the  United  States.  A large  building 
has  been  purchased,  encumbered  by  a debt  of  SIS, 000,  the 
37 


interest  on  which  sum  is  met  Iiy  income  from  rentals  and  job 
work.  Could  this  purchase  sum  be  paid,  in  part  at  least,  the 
yearly  income  might  be  used  for  the  i)roduction  of  literature. 
The  building  is  in  a fine  location  in  the  busiiies.s  district  and 
furnishes  a good  hcad(iuarters  and  center  for  all  religious 
activities. 

Almost  from  the  beginning  of  the  mi.ssion  the  need  of 
training  native  preachers  was  seen  to  be  of  first  importance, 
and  every  missionary  began  the  work  in  his  own  home. 
Bible  Through  the  help  received  from  special  gifts,  Bible 

Seminary  Institutes  were  held  each  year  from  two  weeks  to  a 
month  in  each  missionary’s  district.  In  1905  a gift  of 
$10,000  was  received  from  .Mr.  G.  E.  Nicholson,  of  Kansas, 
for  the  erection  of  a Bible  seminary  building.  location  was 
not  found  until  1907  and  the  building  not  completed  until 
190.S.  Previous  seminary  work  had  been  done  in  Dagupan 


FLOHENCE  ]J.  XICHOLSOX  BIBLE  SEMIX.VRY,  M.VNIL.V 

and  Manila,  and  in  1907  the  Rev.  Harry  Farmer  was  regularly 
appointed  president  of  the  Florence  B.  Nicholson  Bible  Sem- 
inary, and  work  was  begun  with  twenty-five  students.  The 
seminary  has  been  carried  on  jointly  with  the  Presbyterian 
38 


SEUVILI.VNO  CASTRO 
Student  in  the  Seminary 


Mission.  The  course  requires  three  years,  and  work  is  done  in 
Spanish  and  English.  Twenty  of  the  twenty-seven  members 
of  the  Conference  have  attended  the  seminary,  and  other 
former  students  are  svipplying  cir- 
cuits as  local  preachers.  A library 
of  over  a thousand  volumes  has 
been  secured  in  the  two  hinguages. 
Perhaps  no  other  institution  of  the 
Church  has  such  an  influence  upon 
its  future  life,  for  the  leaders  in  the 
Church  will  largely  determine  the 
character  of  its  life  and  influence. 
The  seminary  is  without  endow- 
ment, and  consequently  the  annual 
expense  of  .$2,500  has  to  bo  pro- 
vided. The  support  of  a young 
man  studying  for  the  ministry,  to- 
gether with  his  necessary  books, 
involves  an  expenditure  of  $50  a year. 

Preaching  to  the  .Vmerican  soldiers  and  civilians  had  been 
carried  on  from  the  beginning  of 
the  American  occupation  by 
American  chaplains,  Y.  M.  C’.  A.  sec- 
Church  retaries,  missionaries,  and 
others.  The  American  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  was  organ- 
ized in  Manila  in  1901,  and  in  Oc- 
tober the  official  board  purchased 
an  excellent  comer  lot  in  a desir- 
able location.  temporary  struc- 
ture was  erected  and  tledicated,  free 
from  debt,  in  December  of  the  same 
year,  and  the  Holy  Communion 
administered  on  Christmas  day. 

Dr.  Stuntz  served  as  the  first  pas- 
tor, and  in  the  spring  of  1902  the  Rev.  William  Brown 
arrived  to  take  charge.  The  work  developed  so  rapidly  that 
the  building  was  enlarged  and  made  more  permanent.  The 


LEON  CARINO 
Another  Student 


39 


Rev.  Marvin  A.  Rader  served  as  pastor  in  1904  until  the  arrival 
of  the  Rev.  George  A.  Miller.  During  this  pastorate  a new 
cement  block  church  was  erected  and  dedicated.  While  some 
financial  assistance  has  been  received  from  the  homeland,  the 
largest  part  of  the  burden  of  building  has  rested  upon  the 
Christian  men  who  live  and  labor  in  the  islands.  It  stands  as 
a monument  to  their  faith  and  zeal,  and  is  a large  force  in  hold- 
ing up  the  standard  of  righteousness  in  our  far-away  posses- 
sions. The  Rev.  Isaac  B.  Harper  served  the  church  from  1907 
to  1910  with  large  success,  keeping  in  touch  with  the  Ameri- 
cans throughout  the  islands  and  lifting  the  last  vestige  of  in- 
debtedness. lie  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  George  C.  Cobb, 
who  had  served  as  pastor  of  the  English  Church  in  Singapore. 

The  women  made  a second  aiul  a permanent  entrance  into 
the  riiilippines  in  1903,  when  Miss  Winifred  Spaulding  arrived 
and  opened  in  itlanila  a training  school  for  Filipino 
Women’s  women  and  girls,  which  has  been  sviccessful  from  the  first. 
Work  It  is  now  known  as  the  Harris  Memorial  Deaconess  Train- 
ing School,  and  has  from  forty  to  fifty  young  ladies  in 
attendance  each  year.  The  graduates  are  working  in  the 


METHODIST  WOMEN  WORKERS  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES,  1908 

40 


different  churches  all  over  the  island  of  Luzon  and  are  much 
sought  after  by  the  preachers  and  members.  They  estabhsh 
junior  leagues  and  women’s  meetings  and  maintain  classes  in 
the  Sunday  schools. 

On  the  arrival  of  Dr.  Rebecca  Parish,  in  1906,  the  Bethany 
Hospital  and  Dispensary  was  opened,  and  in  1908  the  ^lary  J. 
Johnston  Hospital  was  erected,  the  gift  of  Mr.  S.  D.  B. 
Hospital  Johnston,  of  St.  Paul.  This  is  the  only  women’s  and 
for  children’s  hospital  in  Manila  and  fills  a large  place  of 

Women  usefulness,  being  unable  at  times  to  receive  all  those 
applying  for  entrance.  There  are  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
Filipino  girls  constantly  in  training  there  as  nurses,  who  have 
theoretical  instruction  and  practical  work  in  caring  for  the 
sick. 

Cextral  District 

The  four  provinces  of  Bulacan,  Xueva  Ecija,  Pampanga, 
and  Tarlac  comprise  the  Central  District.  The  first  missionary 
work  was  begun  in  1901  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  II.  Mar- 
in Tarlac  tin,  who  finally  located  at  Gerona,  Tarlac,  where  he 
Province  labored  with  success  for  three  years.  He  learned  to 
preach  in  the  Ilocano  dialect  and  translated  the  first 
song  book  into  that  tongue.  He  also  wrote  a History  of  Prot- 
estantism in  Spanish.  Ill  health  causetl  his  return  in  1904, 
but  his  influence  is  still  felt  through  the  men  whom  he  con- 
verted and  trained.  After  he  left,  the  work  in  Tarlac  Province 
was  superintended  by  the  missionaries  in  Pangasinan  until 
the  coming  of  the  Rev.  William  II.  Teeter,  in  November,  1904. 
He  took  up  his  headquarters  at  Tarlac,  the  capital,  from  which 
center  he  itinerated  throughout  the  province  and  established 
work  in  most  of  the  main  towns.  It  is  a difficult  field  to  work, 
as  the  four  principal  dialects  of  Luzon  are  spoken  among  the 
inhabitants,  sometimes  all  of  them  being  u.sed  in  different 
sections  of  the  same  town.  The  province  has  many  rivers, 
creek.s,  and  marshes,  with  only  paths  through  miles  of  tall 
grass,  frequently  the  home  of  robbers.  Two  of  our  local 
preachers  had  been  robbers  and  bolo  men  (users  of  the  bolo,  a 
kind  of  knife)  when  converted,  and  afterward  valiantly  trav- 
eled the  hardest  circuits.  Mr.  Teeter  became  superintendent 
41 


of  the  district  in  1906  and  moved  to  Malolos,  Bulacan.  He 
succeeded  in  bringing  all  of  the  churches  into  a harmonious 
organization.  The  Rev.  Hex  R.  Jloe,  of  Nebraska,  arrived  in 
November,  1907,  and  was  sent  to  the  Tarlac  Province,  where 
he  was  joined  by  iirs.  Moe  in  1908.  They  frequently  travel 
together  visiting  the  churches,  and  are  much  beloved  by  the 
people. 

The  first  missionary  in  Pampanga  Province  was  the  Rev. 
William  G.  Fritz,  who  had  formerly  been  in  South  America 
and  knew  the  Spanish  language.  He  hteraUy  wore 
Pampanga  himself  out  in  his  zeal.  It  was  his  custom  to  start 
Province  out  on  a trip  with  a small  bundle  of  clothes  and  eat 
and  sleep  wherever  he  found  himself.  His  health  soon 
gave  out,  and  after  a little  more  than  a year’s  work  he  was 
obliged  to  return  to  the  homeland,  leaving  almost  a thousand 
converts.  His  place  was  taken  by  the  Rev.  William  A.  Brown, 
who  had  been  pastor  of  the  American  Church  in  Manila.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Brown  were  greatly  beloved  by  the  people  and  added 
another  thousand  to  the  Church.  They  went  home  in  poor 
health  at  the  end  of  1904.  The  Rev.  Robert  Johnson  spent 
two  years  in  Pampanga,  and  was  indefatigable  in  labors, 
carrying  the  Gospel  into  every  part  of  the  province.  His 
aggressive  policy  brought  on  a great  deal  of  persecution,  and 
he  knows  what  it  means  to  be  stoned  and  cast  into  prison.  On 
the  occasion  of  one  visit  of  Bishop  Oldham  to  Pampanga  Mr. 
Johnson  had  ten  chapels  ready  to  be  dedicated.  On  account 
of  Mrs.  Johnson’s  health  they  returned  home  in  1906,  and  for  a 
few  months  the  work  was  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Otto  Carlson. 
The  Rev.  Edwin  L.  Housley  eame  in  1907,  and  has  done  much 
toward  putting  the  work  on  a substantial  basis.  He  has  built 
a residence  and  chapel  at  the  capital,  San  Fernando,  and  has 
brought  many  young  men  into  the  ministry.  There  are  now 
six  thousand  members  and  twenty-one  chapels.  Some  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  province  are  members  of  the  Church,  in- 
cluding the  provincial  secretary  and  some  city  mayors.  The 
people,  for  the  most  part,  are  intelligent  and  they  have  a rich 
and  fertile  country. 

The  Roman  Church  is  particularly  bigoted  in  this  province, 
42 


UEVIV.VI,  MEETING  IN  SAINT  PAUL’s  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CIllTIU’H,  TONDO,  MANIL.' 


and  continues  to  delude  many  of  the  people.  In  the  town  of 
I.ubao  a Protestant  meeting  was  announced  to  be  held  in  a 
.small  house  on  a side  street.  Under  the  direction 
Persecution  of  the  priest  and  the  town  mayor,  the  constabulan," 
soldiers  were  ordered  to  raid  the  place.  On  their 
arrival  the  preacher  invited  them  to  come  to  the  meeting  and 
observe  that  it  was  only  for  the  worship  of  God.  Instead  of 
accepting  this  invitation,  the  people  were  ordered  out  of  the 
house  and  the  preacher  had  some  ribs  broken  by  the  jab  of  a 
musket.  They  were  placed  in  prison,  and  when  the  mi.ssionary 
arrived,  tlemanding  their  release,  he  was  also  put  in  prison, 
where  the3’  aU  remained  until  the  governor,  hearing  of  the 
affair,  ordered  their  release. 

The  Rev.  Willard  A.  Goodell  was  the  first  Methodist  mis- 
sionarj'  in  Bulacan  Province.  Mr.  Goodell  lived  in  Hagonoj’ 
for  six  months,  where  he  built  a chapel  and  received 
Bulacan  more  than  two  hundred  members.  He  Ijecame  verj’ 
Province  fluent  in  the  use  of  both  Spanish  and  Tagalog,  and  was 
known  as  the  most  correct  user  of  the  Tagalog  dialect 
among  the  foreigners  in  the  islands.  He  lived  at  Malolos  from 
1902  until  li)0G,  when  he  returned  to  the  United  States  on 
account  of  ^Irs.  Goodell’s  health.  He  received  more  than  a 
thousand  members  into  the  Church,  besides  being  very  active 
in  translating  books  and  training  preachers.  His  general 
method  of  travel  was  to  visit  each  congregation  during  the 
j'ear  for  two  weeks  at  a time,  living  in  their  homes  and  thor- 
oughh'  teaching  and  training  them.  The  Rev.  Arthur  E. 
Chenoweth  was  assigned  to  eastern  Bulacan  in  1902  and  sta- 
tioned at  Baliuag,  where  he  built  up  a strong  work  and  opened 
the  waj'  for  the  evangelization  of  the  large  neighboring  prov- 
ince of  Xueva  Ecija.  Mr.  Chenoweth  Imilt  a substantial  church 
in  Baliuag,  which  was  the  first  one  of  its  kind  in  the  jtrovinces. 

The  Rev.  R.  Y.  B.  Dunlap  was  the  first  resident  missionarj' 
in  Xueva  Ecija  Province,  being  stationed  at  San  Isidro  in 
190.3.  He  was  obliged  to  return  home  after  a little  more  than 
a year’s  work,  during  which  time  he  received  some  six  hun- 
dred members  into  the  Church.  This  field  was  left  without  a 
missionarj'  until  the  Rev.  Daniel  H.  Klinefelter  was  sent  to  San 
44 


Isidro  in  1907.  lie  had  been  mission  treasurer  and  missionary 
to  the  Chinese  since  coming  to  the  islands  in  1905,  and  pro- 
vincial work  was  new  to  him.  lie  was  constant  in  his 
Nueva  Ecija  journeyings,  visiting  every  part  of  the  province,  and 
Province  in  three  years  received  more  than  two  thousand 
members  into  the  Church.  This  province  is  a 
difficult  field  to  travel  on  account  of  the  rivers  and  marshes. 
Tlie  northern  part  of  the  province  has  but  few  roads,  is  thinly 
populated,  and  is  the  home  of  carabao  thieves.  In  1!)09  .Mr. 


A .MI.SSIO.X  IIO.MK  A.M)  TK.Ml’OUAKV  (ll.M’EL  l.\  NCKV.A  E(IJA 

Klinefelter  was  appointed  district  superintendent  and  sta- 
tioned at  Malolos,  and  a new  missionary,  the  Rev.  J.  \V. 
Cottingham,  was  sent  to  San  Isidro. 

On  the  arrival  of  Miss  IVilhelmina  Erbst,  in  1!)09,  she  Avas 
assigned  to  the  Central  District,  since  which  time  she  has  been 
studying  the  language  and  visiting  the  different  centers 
Woman’s  of  work,  helping  in  Bible  Institutes,  and  flirecting  the 
Work  work  of  the  Filipino  deacones.ses.  There  is  at  present 
no  institution  of  the  M’oman’s  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  on  the  Central  District.  It  is  hoped  that  a deaconess 
45 


home  and  training  school  may  be  established  in  the  center 
of  this  large  field  of  14,000  members. 

Residences  for  missionaries  have  been  built  at  Tarlac,  San 
Isidro,  San  Fernando,  and  Malolos,  their  total  value  being 
$10,000,  and  on  these  there  is  a present  indebtedness  of 
Mission  $6,000.  The  interest  on  this  loan  is  smaller  than  the 
Homes  excessive  rents  asked.  It  is  therefore  cheaper  to  build 
our  own  mission  homes. 

Northern  Dlstrict 

The  Northern  District  is  the  largest  in  extent  and  popu- 
lation, comprising  the  provinces  of  Pangasinan,  Ilocos  Sur, 
Abra,  Cagayan,  Isabela,  and  Nueva  Viscaya,  with  over  a 
million  people,  speaking  Ilocano,  Pangasinan,  Zambale,  Tin- 
guian,  Ibanag,  Gadang,  Isanay,  and  several  minor  dialects. 
The  district  was  created  in  1905,  with  the  Rev.  Ernest  S. 
Lyons  as  superintendent.  He  has  held  this  position  ever  since, 
except  during  a year  and  a half  in  the  United  States,  when  the 
work  was  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Harry  Farmer. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  II.  Martin  located  in  Dagupan  in  1901, 
but  after  six  months  he  transferretl  to  Tarlac,  as  there  seemed 
to  be  no  opening,  and  nothing  definite  was  done  until 
Pangasinan  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Lyons  in  1903.  Pangasinan  is  a 
Province  large  province,  with  many  large  and  rapid  rivers, 
and  has  a population  of  almost  500,000.  ]\Ir.  Lyons 
early  visited  all  parts  of  the  province,  finding  the  people  ripe 
for  the  Gospel,  and  during  the  first  year  he  organized  eight 
diflerent  congregations.  He  had  alreatly  been  a missionary  in 
Singapore  for  three  years,  and  the  constant  travel  broke  his 
health.  This  necessitated  his  transfer  to  Manila,  where  he 
took  charge  of  the  Chinese  work  and  became  mission  treasurer. 
Mr.  Farmer  arrived  in  .\pril,  1904,  and  immediately  began 
traveling  through  the  province.  So  eager  were  the  people  to 
receive  the  Gospel  message  that  it  was  impossible  to  accept  all 
of  the  invitations  to  preach  and  organize  churches.  M hile 
there  was  some  persecution,  there  was  great  readiness  to  re- 
ceive the  Gospel,  and  more  than  2,000  persons  were  added  to 
the  Church  the  first  year.  The  province  was  di\dded  into 
46 


four  districts,  which  were  visited  as  regularly  as  the  weather 
permitted,  and  a large  number  of  small  circuits  were  formed 
and  put  in  charge  of  local  preachers  and  exhorters.  In  order 
to  care  for  these  new  Christians  a paper  was  published  twice  a 


THE  REV.  TEOUORO  B.VSCOXCII.LO 
A native  preacher  and  his  family  in  Pangasinaa  Province 

month  and  sent  to  a large  number  of  subscribers  in  each  con- 
gregation. .V  Bible  Institute  was  held,  attended  by  fifty  men, 
who  were  traine<l  in  simple  Bible  truths  and  in  the  conduct  of 
Church  ser\'ices. 

The  Rev.  Ernest  A.  Rajmer  arrived  in  1906  and  took  charge 
of  the  work  in  western  Pangasinan,  living  at  I.ingayen,  the 
capital  of  the  province.  He  was  the  first  missionarj-  to  preach 
in  the  Pangasinan  dialect  and  has  been  verj'  successful  in  his 
work.  lie  eflits  the  Pangasinan  .Advocate  and  Sunday  school 
literature,  and  has  issued  a number  of  tracts  and  special  pro- 
grams. He  has  also  had  charge  of  the  Bible  Seminarj'  in 
Manila  for  one  year.  The  Rev.  Harrj"  C.  Bower,  formerly  a 
missionarj-  in  Malaysia,  came  to  eastern  Pangasinan  in  1907, 
47 


and  was  stationed  at  Binalonan,  where  he  built  a church,  and 
from  which  point  he  has  traveled  over  a large  territory  and 


THE  TLAZA  AT  LIXGAYEX MISSlOX  lU  ILDIXGS  TO  THE  RIGHT 


supervised  the  work  in  fifty  congregations.  He  returned  home 
in  1910  on  account  of  illness. 

The  Rev.  Berndt  O.  Peterson  reached  the  islands  in  July, 
1904,  being  appointed  to  ^'igan,  Ilocos  Sur.  Vigan  is  the 
seat  of  an  Episcopal  See  of  the  Roman  Church,  with 
Ilocos  Sur  an  American  bishop  and  a number  of  American  priests. 
Province  and  Mr.  Peterson  found  the  opposition  strong  and 
well  organized.  lie  became  our  best  preacher  in  the 
Ilocano  dialect,  and,  by  his  persevering  travel  and  preaching, 
succeeiled  in  gathering  together  a number  of  well-organized 
churches  of  1,650  members  during  his  five  years’  service.  His 
work  as  translator  and  eilitor  of  Ilocano  hterature  has  been 
invaluable.  After  a year’s  furlough  in  the  United  States  he 
has  returned  to  the  islands  and  is  stationed  at  Binalonan, 
Pangasinan. 

The  Rev.  Oscar  Huddleston,  of  Kansas,  was  sent  to  the 
Cagayan  ^’alley  in  1907,  after  six  months’  service  in  Ilocos 
Sur.  ^^■ork  had  been  begun  by  Mr.  Lyons,  who  made  several 
visits  through  the  valley  and  locateil  some  Filipino  preachers. 
i\Ir.  Huddleston  describes  his  territory  as  follows:  “It  is  some- 
48 


thing  like  200  by  80  miles,  with  mountains  on  the  east  and 
west  and  a broad  and  fertile  valley  lying  in  the  center,  sloping 
to  the  north,  tlu’ough  which  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan 
The  flows.  In  this  valley  the  mountains  and  some  of  the 

Cagayan  lowlands  are  covered  with  forests  of  hard  wood,  the 
Valley  value  of  which  has  never  been  computed.  The  ducks 
flock  by  the  waters,  the  mountains  are  full  of  wild 
boar  and  deer,  the  trees  are  literally  black  with  chattering 
monkeys,  while  the  rivers  are  alive  with  alligators.”  There 
is  a population  of  100,000  lying  along  the  river,  very  difficult 
to  reach,  as  the  river  is  veiy  rapid  and  means  of  communica- 
tion meager.  It  takes  a montli  or  six  weeks  to  visit  all  points 
of  the  district.  Some  1,700  members  have  been  gathered 
together. 

In  190!)  Mr.  Huddleston  was  transferred  to  Vigan,  and  his 
place  was  taken  by  the  Rev.  Alva  L.  Snyder,  who  reports: 
‘‘During  the  year  I traveled  in  all  kinds  of  ways  and  weather 
1,290  miles,  being  absent  from  home  89  days.  I baptized  85 
adults  and  49  ehildren,  and  the  preacliing  places  have  increased 
from  24  to  41.  ^^'e  have  l)egun  to  learn  how  to  suffer  hard- 

ship with  the  Gospel  according  to  the  power  of  God.”  In  1910 
Mr.  Sn}-der  moved  with  his  family  to  Tuguegarao,  100  miles 
further  up  the  valley,  leaving  the  sea])ort  town  of  .Vparri  to 
the  new  missionary,  the  Rev.  S.  II.  .Vrmand.  This  is  probably 
our  most  difficult  field,  being  the  most  remote,  tlie  least  civ- 
ilized, and  the  most  difficult  to  travel. 

Dr.  Milton  II.  Sehutz  was  our  first  medical  missionary,  and 
after  two  years’  work  was  obliged  to  return  home  on  account 
of  ill  health.  His  work  was  so  successful  that  it  should 
Medical  encourage  the  support  of  at  least  three  doctors  of  evan- 

Work  gelistic  spirit  throughout  our  Philippine  field.  Dr. 

Sehutz  reports  at  the  Conference  of  1910:  “The  thousands 
of  people  in  these  provinces  are  heir  to  all  the  ills  that  infest 
a tropical  climate,  and,  being  in  ignoranee  of  the  simplest 
rules  of  hygiene,  they  are  in  great  need  of  hygienic  instruction 
and  medical  attention.  During  the  year  I have  traveled 
2,950  miles,  have  treated  1,000  distinct  cases,  and  have  lec- 
tured on  health  subjects  to  many  audiences.  For  centmdes 
49 


the  Filipinos  have  been  suffering  physically  from  superstition, 
malformation,  false  ideas  of  health,  and  the  progress  of 
disease.  One  out  of  every  eight  or  ten  natives  is  afflicted  with 
tuberculosis,  and  to 
them  that  word  spells 
death.”  The  people 
are  very  grateful  for 
medical  attention, 
and,  besides  being  a 
work  of  mercy,  it 
greatly  aids  our  mis- 
sion work. 

An  orphanage  has 
been  started  at  Dagu- 
pan,  Pangasinan,  a 
large  bamboo 
Orphanage  house  near 
the  mission- 
ary’s residence  having 
been  rented  for  the 
purpose.  Twelve  lit- 
tle mestizo,  or  half 
caste,  children  were 
received  the  first  year.  Everj-where  throughout  the  provinces 
may  be  found  these  little  pale  children  whose  American 
fathers  have  tlied  or  have  deserted  them.  With  proper  build- 
ing and  grounds  the  orphanage  could  become  self-supporting. 

In  1906  ^liss  Louise  StLxrud  was  assigned  to  the  Xorthern 
District,  and  for  the  first  year  she  studied  the  language  and 
looked  after  the  women’s  and  children’s  meetings  in 
Women’s  three  cities  and  the  surrounding  villages.  In  190S  she 
Work  was  transferred  to  Lingayen,  and  there  opened  a train- 
ing school  for  women  workers,  which  has  been  a great 
success  from  the  start.  She  was  assisted  at  first  by  Miss  INIabel 
L.  Crawford,  a W.  F.  M.  S.  worker  from  Iowa,  until  the  latter 
became  Mrs.  Bower.  During  two  years  Miss  Stixrud  has  had 
the  help  of  Candida  Mejia,  a graduate  of  the  Manila  Deaconess 
School,  who  can  speak  English,  Ilocano,  and  Pangasinan.  Miss 
50 


Elizabeth  Parkes  has  been  the  evangelist  of  the  Northern 
District  since  her  return  in  1907. 

In  this  district  the  superintendent  has  a residence  at 
Dagupan,  where  there  is  also  a substantial  church.  At  Lin- 
gayen  there  are  one  residence  and  a dormitory,  while 
Mission  the  Woman’s  Foreign  Jlissionary  Society  has  a large 
Buildings  re.sidence  used  for  a training  school.  In  Aparri  there 
is  a fine  missionary’s  house,  built  by  the  IMcPherson 
District  (Southwest  Kansas  Conference),  and  at  ^'igan  there 
are  a residence  and  a dormitory.  Two  additional  residences 
are  needed  to  house  the  missionaries  more  comfortably  and 
to  offer  an  adequate  plant  for  the  work. 

Episcopal  Supervision 

The  mission  has  been  greatly  helped  by  the  visiting  bishops. 
Bishop  Warne,  of  India,  made  two  visits  in  the  early  days,  in 
which  he  held  Conferences  and  conducted  a number  of  special 
revival  services.  Bishop  Henry  W.  Warren  represented  the 


PHIUI’PINE  ISLANDS  CONFERENCE 
Se.s.sioii  of  1909.  Bishop  Oldham  in  center  of  front  row 

Board  of  Bishops  in  1903,  and  gave  the  benefit  of  his  ripened 
experience.  Bishop  .lohn  E.  Robinson,  of  India,  presided  over 
the  first  session  of  the  Annual  Conference,  in  1908.  The 
Philippine  Mission  has  been  particularly  blessed  with  the  con- 
51 


tinned  oversight  of  Bishop  William  F.  Oldliara,  who  held  his 
first  Conference  in  1905.  He  has  made  a number  of  visits 
each  year,  and  has  traveled  through  the  island  of  Luzon, 
visiting  the  various  stations  and  churches,  and  has  been  of 
the  utmost  help  by  his  timely  ad^■ice  and  direction. 

Education 

The  large  attention  given,  to  the  public  school  system  by 
the  government  has  made  it  unnecessarj'  for  the  missions  to 
enter  the  educational  field  to  any  extent.  There  are 
A Need  primary,  intermediate,  and  high  schools  in  all  the 
in  Manila  islands,  with  almost  the  full  quota  of  trade  schools. 

Manila  has  a normal  school,  a commercial  school,  a law 
school,  and  a medical  school,  and  plans  for  college  work  have 
been  made.  There  are  a number  of  friar  schools  in  Manila 
doing  work  in  Spanish,  but  these  are  not  equal  to  the  govern- 
ment high  schools.  In  Dumaguete,  Xegros,  the  Presbj’terian 
ilission  has  established  the  Silliman  Institute  for  academy 
and  college  work,  which  has  met  with  the  greatest  success, 
being  unable  to  receive  all  the  students  apphang.  There  is 
need  for  such  a school  in  Manila  at  present.  The  coming  of 
the  Americans  has  been  like  a new  birth  to  the  Filipino  people, 
and  e^■en■^vhere  young  men  and  women  are  turning  toward 
higher  ideals  and  looking  for  the  means  of  better  development 
of  their  minds  and  characters.  It  is  estimated  that  ten  thou- 
sand students  yearly  come  to  Manila  to  pursue  an  education, 
and  if  ilethodism  possessed  an  educational  institution  worthy 
the  name  it  would  receive  its  full  share  of  patronage.  In 
coimection  with  the  Florence  B.  Xicholson  Bible  Seminarj’, 
ttiirty  acres  of  land  have  been  secm-ed  as  a site  for  a future 
Christian  school  of  higher  etlucation.  This  offers  to  our  Chris- 
tian philanthropists  an  unusual  opportunity  for  investment. 

In  connection  with  the  government  high  schools  in  the 
provincial  capitals,  the  aim  of  the  missions  has  been  to  estab- 
lish Christian  dormitories  for  young  men  and  women. 
Dormitories  who  may  thus  be  surrounded  with  Christian  in- 
fluences while  away  from  home.  This  has  been  done 
successfully  in  Lingayen  and  Mgan,  and  could  be  done  in  ten 
52 


other  capitals  if  the  means  were  at  hand.  Manila  itself  offers 
the  greatest  opportunity  for  dormitory  work,  and  a substantial 
$20,000  dormitory  building  coukl  be  filletl  with  students  at 
once. 

SOME  FILIPINO  PREACHERS 

The  history  of  tlie  early  Filipino  iMethodist  Church  will 
record  the  heroic  work  of  Filipinos  who  sought  salvation  and 
wrought  righteousness  by  an  entire  devotion  of  their  lives  to 
Jesus  Christ,  and  they  will  not  be  found  to  be  behind  the 
saints  of  any  other  race. 

The  story  of  Xicolas  Zamora,  so  well  known  to  American 
Methodists,  and  the  names  of  the  other  men  who  were  led 
away  with  him,  will  not  be  forgotten,  and  it  may  be  they  will 
yet  be  found  to  fight  on  the  Lord’s  side  against  sin  ami  un- 
righteousness, forgetting  amliitions  for  earthly  glory  and  will- 
ing to  sacrifice  self  in  order  to  win  their  brother  Filipinos  to 
Christ. 

Simeon  Bias,  of  .Malabon,  was  one  of  the  first  to  join  him- 
self to  the  1’rote.stants,  being  a real  protest-ant  against  the 
Roman  Church,  which 
An  Owner  luul  so  oppressed  his 
of  Cockpits  people.  lie  was  the 
owner  of  two  cockpits, 
which  he  kept  open  for  the 
fighting  of  roosters  even  on  the 
Sabbath  day.  As  he  began 
preaching  the  new  doctrine  he 
was  appointed  an  exhorter,  but 
after  the  Chvirch  service  he 
would  return  to  the  cockpits, 
where  he  had  an  income  of  from 
•‘5.),000  to  .$10,000  per  year. 

The  other  members  murmured 
against  him  because  he  did  not 
give  up  this  evil  business.  He 
attended  the  exhorters’  training 
class  twice  a week  in  the  home  of  the  missionary,  and  one 
day,  after  an  earnest  lesson  on  the  new  birth,  while  all  were 
53 


THE  REV.  SI.MEON  BL.VS 


on  their  knees  pleading  for  the  new  blessing,  the  change  came 
to  Simeon,  and  he  arose  with  tears  in  his  eyes  to  make  con- 
fession of  his  sins.  The  cockpits  were  closed,  and  he  has  ever 
since  lived  a clean  life,  proclaiming  a full  salvation  from  sin. 
He  is  unceasing  in  his  labors  for  men,  being  constantly 
burdened  for  the  souls  of  his  fellow  Filipinos. 

Felipe  ^larquez  is  an  Ilocano  who  was  brought  to  Manila 
while  a chikl  to  live  with  his  grandparents.  He  speaks  Spanish 
and  Tagalog  as  fluently  as  his  own  dialect.  During  the 
Enduring  Spanish  times  he  had  been  a chief  clerk  in  a branch 
Hardship  of  the  war  department,  and  had  a good  income  and  a 
well  furnished  home.  He  heard  the  Gospel  preached 
on  the  streets  and  became  a Ijeliever  and  was  baptized.  He 
gave  such  clear  and  eloquent  testimony  that  he  was  soon 
maile  an  exhorter,  and  when  there  was  a call  for  a man  to  go 
north  to  preach  to  the  Ilocanos  he  volunteered,  giving  up  a 
good  position  in  Manila.  His  wife  and  family  have  been  as 
consecrated  as  he.  Piece  by  piece  articles  of  furniture  were 
disposed  of  and  also  other  things  of  value,  but  he  never  fal- 
teretl.  Several  children  died,  and  then  his  wife  passed  away, 
but  always  back  to  his  itinerating  work  he  went.  He  has 
brought  many  souls  into  the  Kingdom,  but  his  greatest  work 
has  been  in  building  up  and  edifying  the  believers.  Besides 
his  pastoral  work,  he  is  now  one  of  the  teachers  in  the  Bible 
Seminary.  One  son  is  in  high  school  and  another  is  in  America 
studying  medicine. 

Candido  ^lagno  is  a Tagalog  and  has  always  lived  in  JIanila. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  conv'erts  at  Santa  Mesa,  when  he  was 
earning  a good  salary  as  a boxmaker.  He  gave  up 
Pastor  of  his  work  in  order  to  give  himself  entirely  to  the 

First  Church  ministry,  being  supported  at  first  largely  by  his 
father.  His  persevering  zeal  and  the  loving  service 
of  his  life  endear  him  to  all  the  members  and  attach  many 
outsiders  to  him.  After  four  years  of  study  he  was  graduated 
in  the  first  class  from  the  Bible  Seminary,  and  is  now  pastor 
of  the  First  Church  in  Manila  (Knox  Memorial),  a handsome 
church  building  in  a most  important  field.  The  membership 
is  not  so  large  as  that  of  some  other  churches,  but  there  are  a 
54 


large  floating  congregation  and  great  opportunities.  He  excels 
as  a pastor  and  is  untiring  in  his  devotion  to  the  needs  of  his 
people.  He  has  suffered  much  per- 
secution and  made  many  sacrifices, 
but  all  these  have  only  aided  him 
in  reaching  a higher  experience  in 
spiritual  things. 

Filomeno  Galang  was  bom  in 
Gerona,  Tarlac,  of  a Tagalog  father 
and  a I’angasinan  mother. 

A School-  He  had  some  education  in 
Teacher  Spanish  and  early  learned 
English,  being  one  of  the  first 
teachers  in  the  American  public 
schools,  in  which  vocation  he  supported  himself  and  helped  his 
parents.  All  of  his  spare  time  was  given  to  preaching,  and 
from  Saturilay  to  Monday  he  was  filling  appointments  in  the 
villages  about  his  town.  ,\t  the  age  of  twenty  he  gave  up  his 
work  as  a teacher  and  went  north  to  Ilocos  Sur  as  traveling 
evangelist,  for  he  had  learned  to  speak  and  preach  in  the 
Ilocano  dialect.  Here  he  was  unusually  successful  in  securing 
converts  to  the  Master.  In  the  second  year  he  was  sent  to 
.\parri,  in  the  Cagayan  "N'alley,  the  most  northern  city  in  the 
island.  Some  six  hundred  members  were  received  the  first 
year  in  this  new  field.  The  ne.xt  year  he  was  sent  further  up 
the  valley  to  the  capital,  Tuguegarao.  From  this  it  can  be 
seen  that  he  possesses  the  missionary  spirit,  as  it  is  an  unusual 
thing  for  a Filipino  to  leave  his  home  to  go  to  a strange  place 
to  live.  He  is  now  an  ordained  deacon  and  member  of  Con- 
ference, and  gives  promise  of  great  usefulness  to  the  Church. 

Mauricio  Loria  is  an  Ilocano  from  the  province  of  Pan- 
gasinan.  Pie  had  been  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  justice  of 
peace,  and  often  practiced  as  a lawyer  before  the 
A Prosperous  same  court.  He  belonged  to  one  of  the  best  fam- 
Lawyer  ilies  and  was  received  ev'erywhere.  In  traveling  on 

a small  boat  from  Dagupan  to  Ilocos  Sur  he  met 
Filomeno  Galang.  who  led  him  into  the  light  of  the  Gospel, 
and  Mauricio  at  once  began  teaching  others.  On  his  return  to 
55 


CANDIDO  MAGNO 


his  home  town  of  Alcala  he  was  appointed  an  exhorter,  and 
the  church  soon  grew  from  twenty  to  seventy-five  members. 
After  a year  in  the  seminary  he  was  given  an  important  cir- 
cuit, and  the  following  year  he  was  made  a member  of  Con- 
ference on  probation,  ordained  deacon  under  the  missionary 
rule,  and  sent  into  the  province  of  Xueva  \'iscaya,  seven  days’ 
journey  distant.  After  three  years’  labor  he  had  organized 
several  congregations,  with  a total 
membership  of  eight  hundred.  In  the 
meantime  his  wife  died,  and  his  two 
children  were  taken  by  their  grand- 
parents. He  too  knows  what  it  means 
to  sacrifice  and  suffer  and  conquer. 

Arcadio  de  Ocera  comes  from  San 
Fernando,  Pampanga,  and  since  the 
American  occupation  has  de- 
A Gifted  voted  himself  to  the  study  of 
Preacher  the  English  language.  He  has 
enjoyed  great  advantages  under 
the  American  missionaries,  who  have  directed  his  studying 
and  reading,  and  he  has  a fine  library  of  English  books. 
He  speaks  English  fluently  and  has  an  unusual  gift  of  elo- 
quence in  his  native  tongue.  His  forte  seems  to  be  pulpit 
work,  and  there  are  always  large  audiences  that  wait  on  his 
ministry.  The  simplicity  of  his  life,  the  sweetness  of  his 
temper,  and  his  persevering  zeal  in  his  work  give  him  great 
power  for  the  Master.  He  has  had  many  temptations  to 
step  aside  into  a more  lucrative  employment,  but  he  prefers 
to  serve  Christ. 


56 


STATISTICS  OF  METHODISM  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES,  1909-10 

Methodist  missionaries *16 

Wives  of  missionaries *16 

A\'.  F.  M.  S.  missionaries 8 

Filipino  members  of  Conference 28 

Filipino  deaconesses 23 

Number  of  members  aiul  probationers 29,044 

Number  of  adherents 24,190 

Number  of  Sunday  school  scholars 7,737 

Number  of  hospitals 1 

Number  of  W.  F.  M.  S.  training  schools 2 

Number  of  theological  schools 1 

Number  of  churches  and  chapels 127 

Number  of  local  preachers 351 


* Three  missionaries  and  their  wives  are  on  furlough;  one  missionary  is 
pastor  of  the  American  Church. 


57 


